TABLE 2.

Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) involved in pathogen proliferation.

LncRNAs that inhibit pathogen proliferation	Target pathogen	Mechanism	References
NRON	HIV-1	(1) Inhibits the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) which enhances viral replication of HIV-1 (2) Degrades the viral transcription activator Tat protein through ubiquitination by interacting with the ubiquitin ligase	(1) Imam et al., 2015 (2) Li et al., 2016
GAS5	Hepatitis C virus	Decoy of the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 3 (NS3)	Qian et al., 2016
NEAT1	HSV-1 HIV-1	(HSV-1) Directly interact with HSV-1 genomes and modulate virus gene expression (HIV-1) Downregulates non-spliced form of HIV-1 mRNAs that contain instability elements	Zhang et al., 2013 Zhang et al., 2013
LncRNAs that promote pathogen proliferation
VIN	Influenza A virus	Unknown mechanism	Winterling et al., 2014
PAAN	Influenza A virus	Helps the formation of the viral RNA polymerase complex by interacting with its component polymerase acidic protein	Wang et al., 2018
ACOD1	Vesicular stomatitis virus	Directly interacts with the metabolic enzyme glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase to enhance its catalytic activity	Wang P. et al., 2017
EGOT	Hepatitis C virus	Unknown mechanism	Carnero et al., 2016

HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type 1.