Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the finally enrolled 18,604 study patients
| All patients (n = 18,604) | IOS (+) (n = 218) | IOS (–) (n = 18,386) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 63.0 (53.0−72.0) | 66.0 (56.3−73.8) | 63.0 (53.0−72.0) |
| Male, n (%) | 11,993 (64.5) | 136 (62.4) | 11,857 (64.5) |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 5104 (27.4) | 67 (30.7) | 5037 (27.4) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3030 (16.3) | 32 (14.7) | 2998 (16.3) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 3590 (19.3) | 45 (20.6) | 3545 (19.3) |
| Smoking | 6217 (33.4) | 61 (28.0) | 6156 (33.5) |
| Cancer | 6846 (36.8) | 88 (40.4) | 6758 (36.8) |
| Findings on ICU admission | |||
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 23.6 (3.7) | 23.6 (3.5) | 23.5 (3.7) |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 14 (9−20) | 23 (17−31) | 14 (8−20) |
| SIRS, n (%) | 2334 (12.5) | 62 (28.4) | 2272 (12.4) |
| Temperature > 38 °C or < 36 °C | 779 (4.2) | 29 (13.3) | 750 (4.1) |
| Heart rate > 90/min | 683 (3.7) | 11 (5.0) | 672 (3.7) |
| Respiration > 20/min or PaCO2 < 32 mmHg | 4579 (24.6) | 95 (43.6) | 4484 (24.4) |
| Leukocyte > 12,000/μL or < 4000/μL | 4857 (26.1) | 78 (35.8) | 4779 (26.0) |
| Laboratory tests, median (IQR) | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 12.1 (10.2−13.6) | 10.9 (9.3−12.3) | 12.1 (10.2−13.6) |
| Platelet, 103/L | 192 (137−245) | 160.5 (86.3−215) | 192 (138−246) |
| Prothrombin time, % | 84.0 (59.7−103.1) | 63.6 (45.9−87.4) | 84.3 (59.9−103.2) |
| Managements in the ICU | |||
| Cardiovascular surgery, n (%) | 3304 (17.8) | 71 (32.6) | 3239 (17.6) |
| Cardiovascular procedure, n (%) | 658 (3.5) | 4 (1.8) | 648 (3.5) |
| Non-cardiovascular surgery, n (%) | 8097 (43.5) | 54 (24.8) | 8043 (47.8) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3680 (19.8) | 161 (73.9) | 3519 (19.1) |
| CRRT | 370 (2.0) | 26 (11.9) | 344 (2.0) |
| Inotropic agents | 7931 (42.6) | 174 (79.8) | 7757 (42.2) |
| ECMO | 174 (0.8) | 21 (9.6) | 126 (0.7) |
ICU intensive care unit, IOS ICU-onset stroke, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, CRRT continuous renal replacement therapy, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, PaCO2 partial arterial carbon dioxide, SIRS systemic inflammatory response syndrome (meeting 2 or more criteria regarding temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and leukocyte), IQR interquartile range, SD standard deviation