Table 3.
Studies in humans of the relationship between ACEI/ARB use and ACE2 protein expression
| Source | Details of study | Effect of ACEI/ ARB on ACE2 |
|---|---|---|
| Mizuiri et al. 47 | Urinary ACE2 protein levels were measured in 190 patients with chronic kidney disease and 36 healthy subjects | No significant difference in urinary ACE2 was observed in response to treatment with ACEI and ARB |
| Furuhashi et al. 24 | Urinary ACE2 protein concentration was assayed in 617 subjects, including 101 subjects who did not use any medication and 100 hypertensives treated with various drugs | Enalapril, losartan, valsartan, candesartan, valsartan, and telmisartan had no effect. Olmesartan increased urinary ACE2. |
| Liang et al. 23 | Urinary ACE2 protein concentration was assessed in 132 patients with type‐2 diabetes and 34 healthy volunteers | Patients with hypertension had an ~ 40% decrease in urinary ACE2 if treated with inhibitors of renin‐angiotensin signaling, compared with hypertensive patients not taking such medications |
| Mariana et al. 48 | Urinary ACE2 protein levels were measured via ELISA in 75 patients with type‐2 diabetes | Use of ARBs or ACEIs had no effect on urinary ACE2 levels |
| Epelman et al. 49 | Plasma ACE2 activity was assayed from 228 patients with heart failure | No association was found between ACEI/ARB use and ACE2 levels |
| Soro‐Paavonen et al. 22 | Serum ACE2 activity was measured in 859 patients with type‐1 diabetes and 99 healthy control subjects | ACE2 was increased ~ 10 to 20% (higher in women) in patients with diabetes using ACEIs. No association was found between ARB usage and ACE2 levels. |
| Ortiz‐Perez et al. 50 | Serum ACE2 activity was assayed in 95 patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and 22 control subjects | No association was found between ACEI use and ACE2 levels. ARB usage was not discussed. |
| Anguiano et al. 25 | Plasma ACE2 activity was measured in n = 568 control subjects, n = 1458 with stage 3–5 chronic kidney disease, and n = 546 patients on dialysis. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify which factors influenced ACE2. | ACEI use had no effect on ACE2 in any group. ARB use did not predict ACE2 activity in control or stage 3–5 patients; in patients on dialysis ARB use had a small effect raising ACE2 activity. |
| Uri et al. 51 | Serum ACE2 activity was assayed in 141 healthy subjects, 239 hypertensive patients, and 188 patients with heart failure of different types | Logistic regression analysis showed that ACEI and ARB usage had no association with ACE2 levels |
| Walters et al. 52 | Plasma ACE2 activity was assessed in 25 control subjects and 88 patients with atrial fibrillation | No association was found between ACE2 levels and ACEI/ARB use |
| Ramchand et al. 53 | Plasma ACE2 activity was measured in 79 patients with obstructive coronary artery disease | ACE2 levels had no association with use of ACEIs or ARBs |
Entries are ordered chronologically, first for studies in urine and then for studies in circulating ACE2.
ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.