Table 2.
Characteristics of health facilities over time by P4P arms
| Characteristics | Description/units | All (n=300) |
Baseline intervention (n=75) |
Baseline comparison (n=75) |
Baseline difference (p value) |
Endline intervention (n=75) |
Endline comparison (n=75) |
| Panel A: facility inputs | |||||||
| Total medical staff | Total number, mean (SD) | 15.8 (31.6) | 19.7 (40.8) | 11.1 (15.0) | 8.6 (0.088) | 20.6 (42.7) | 11.8 (15.7) |
| Clinicians | Total number, mean (SD) | 3.2 (5.3) | 3.5 (6.2) | 2.5 (3.2) | 1.0 (0.213) | 3.9 (7.1) | 2.7 (3.4) |
| Nurses | Total number, mean (SD) | 5.4 (14.9) | 6.4 (19.5) | 4.2 (7.4) | 2.2 (0.354) | 6.8 (19.9) | 4.4 (7.5) |
| Paramedics | Total number, mean (SD) | 7.2(14.2) | 9.8(18.4) | 4.4(6.3) | 5.4 (0.018) | 10 (19.2) | 4.7 (6.5) |
| Maternity beds | Total number, mean (SD)* | 5.9 (6.7) | 7.9 (7.9) | 4.4 (5.1) | 1.0 (0.159) | 7.4 (8.8) | 3.9 (2.6) |
| Availability of drugs and vaccines | Mean no of items available in last 3 months (SD) | 20.6 (5.7) | 20.1 (5.5) | 21.7 (4.5) | –1.6 (0.053) | 21.1 (6.0) | 19.6 (6.4) |
| Availability of medical supplies | Mean no of items available in last 3 months (SD) | 7.5(2.0) | 7.5(2.3) | 7.9(1.9) | –0.4 (0.209) | 7.3 (1.7) | 7.3 (1.9) |
| Availability of equipment | Mean no of items available in last 3 months (SD) | 15.4 (4.3) | 12.2 (3.5) | 11.4 (3.2) | 0.8 (0.164) | 19.0 (0.3) | 19.0 (0.1) |
| Panel B: facility outputs | |||||||
| Monthly outpatient visits | Monthly average of outpatient consultations | 602.4 (894.0) | 633.1 (1204.7) | 587.7 (600.9) | 45.3 (0.772) | 605.9 (1048.0) | 583.5 (574.1) |
| Monthly normal deliveries | Monthly average of normal deliveries* | 49.9 (76.7) | 60.7 (93.6) | 32.3 (47.9) | 8.2 (0.298) | 68.8 (94.6) | 31.1 (43.8) |
| Panel C: environment/contextual characteristics | |||||||
| Facility level of care | 1 for dispensaries (%) | 0.7 (0.5) | 70.7 | 70.7 | 0.0 (1.000) | 0.7 (0. 5) | 0.7 (0.5) |
| Facility ownership | 1 for public-owned facility (%) | 0.8 (0.4) | 84.0 | 82.7 | 1.3 (0.828) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.8 (0.4) |
| Facility location | 1 for facility in urban district (%) | 0.2 (0.4) | 21.1 | 16.0 | 5.3 (0.405) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Population socioeconomic status | 1 for non-poor population (%) | 0.5 (0.5) | 36.0 | 64.0 | –28.0 (0.001) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) |
| Outreach services | Total number in last 90 days, mean (SD) | 2.1 (2.9) | 1.9 (2.8) | 2.0 (2.3) | –0.1 (0.871) | 2.5 (3.3) | 2.1 (3.1) |
| Community Health Fund (CHF) | 1 if facility has insurance scheme (CHF) (%) | 0.7 (0.5) | 78.7 | 54.7 | 24.0 (0.002) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.5) |
| Distance (km) | Mean kilometres from facility to district headquarter | 59.9 (40.2) | 56.9 (38.8) | 62.9 (41.8) | –6.0 (0.367) | 56.9 (38.8) | 62.9 (41.8) |
| Supportive supervision | 1 if external supervision in last 30 days (%) | 0.5 (0.5) | 57.7 | 49.3 | 8.4 (0.312) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) |
Drugs and vaccines (include 37 items); medical supplies (11); equipment (19); reference category in parentheses: public (vs non-public), dispensary (vs health centre and hospital), urban (vs rural district), non-poor population (poor population); two quantiles (high and low) for socioeconomic status of the facility’s catchment population.
*Statistics on beds and deliveries available for hospitals (n=12) and health centres (n=32) only.
P4P, pay-for-performance.