TABLE 1.
Characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with ketosis or non‐ketosis infected with COVID‐19
| Characteristic | All patients (n = 658) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Ketosis (n = 42) | Non‐ ketosis (n = 616) | P | |
| Age, years | 47.0 (38.0–70.3) | 58.0 (43.0–67.0) | 0.003 |
| Gender, n (%) | |||
| Female | 26 (61.9) | 335 (54.4) | 0.441 |
| Male | 16 (38.1) | 281 (45.6) | |
| Clinical symptoms | |||
| Temperature on admission, °C | 36.7 (36.5–37.4) | 36.5 (36.3–36.9) | 0.517 |
| Fever, n (%) | 28 (66.6) | 413 (67.0) | 0.960 |
| Cough, n (%) | 20 (47.6) | 238 (38.6) | 0.249 |
| Fatigue, n (%) | 13 (31.0) | 65 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 1 (2.4) | 14 (2.3) | 1.000 |
| Chest tightness, n (%) | 11 (26.2) | 68 (11.0) | 0.003 |
| Diarrhoea, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 16 (2.6) | 0.731 |
| Headache, n (%) | 2 (4.8) | 9 (1.5) | 0.321 |
| Nausea and vomiting, n (%) | 5 (11.9) | 39 (6.3) | 0.280 |
| Shortness of breath, n (%) | 11 (26.2) | 92 (14.9) | 0.052 |
| Chronic disease, n (%) | |||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (11.9) | 48 (7.8) | 0.513 |
| Coronary heart disease | 6 (14.3) | 53 (8.6) | 0.333 |
| Heart failure | 2 (4.8) | 6 (1.0) | 0.150 |
| Diabetes | 15 (35.7) | 114 (18.5) | 0.007 |
| Hypertention | 12 (28.6) | 208 (33.8) | 0.490 |
| Digestive disorder | 13 (31.0) | 74 (12.0) | < 0.001 |
| COPD | 0 (0) | 19 (28.8) | 0.497 |
| Solid tumour | 2 (4.8) | 15 (2.4) | 0.677 |
| Chronic renal disease | 1 (2.4) | 17 (2.8) | 1.000 |
| Hepatitis | 1 (2.4) | 6 (1.0) | 0.934 |
| Complications, n (%) | |||
| Acute liver injury | 6 (14.3) | 33 (5.4) | 0.042 |
| Septic shock | 3 (7.1) | 32 (5.2) | 0.850 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 12 (28.6) | 83 (13.5) | 0.007 |
| DKA | 3 (7,1) | 0 (0) | < 0.001 |
| Acidosis | 5 (11.9) | 25 (4.1) | 0.048 |
| Lung CT images, n (%) | |||
| Unilateral pneumonia | 14 (33.3) | 137 (22.2) | 0.098 |
| Bilateral pneumonia | 28 (66.7) | 479 (77.8) | 0.098 |
| Multiple mottling and ground‐glass opacity | 27 (64.3) | 412 (66.9) | 0.730 |
| Treatment strategies, n (%) | |||
| Antibiotics | 41 (97.6) | 481 (78.1) | 0.002 |
| Antiviral drugs | 41 (97.6) | 576 (93.5) | 0.461 |
| Antifungal agents | 1 (2.4) | 17 (2.8) | 1.000 |
| Hormones | 26 (61.9) | 279 (45.3) | 0.037 |
| Immunoglobulin | 10 (23.8) | 111 (18.0) | 0.349 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 9 (21.4) | 42 (6.7) | 0.002 |
| Non‐invasive mechanical ventilation | 9 (21.4) | 63 (10.2) | 0.046 |
| Blood biochemical variables | |||
| Leukocytes (3.5–9.5) 109/L | 5.5 (3.5–9.1) | 5.2 (4.1–6.7) | 0.404 |
| Neutrophils (1.8–6.3) 109/L | 3.8 (1.9–6.4) | 3.4 (2.4–4.6) | 0.069 |
| Lymphocytes (1.1–3.2) 109/L | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.410 |
| Eosinophils (0.02–0.52) 109/L | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.03 (0.00–0.09) | 0.041 |
| Basophils (0–0.06) 109/L | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.02) | 0.861 |
| Lymphocyte percentage (20%–50%) | 21.6 (11.7–31.7) | 25.8 (15.9–34.6) | 0.182 |
| Neutrophil percentage (40%–75%) | 68.5 (62.6–83.1) | 64.5 (55.5–76.0) | 0.096 |
| Monocyte percentage (3%–10%) | 6.6 (4.4–8.2) | 7.0 (5.4–9.2) | 0.519 |
| Eosinophil percentage (0.4%–8%) | 0.0 (0.0–0.6) | 0.6 (0.1–1.7) | <0.001 |
| Basophil percentage (0%–1%) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.022 |
| Platelets (125–350) 109/L | 172.5 (145.0–222.8) | 192.0 (154.0–247.0) | 0.195 |
| Haemoglobin (130–175 g/L) | 132.0 (120.8–140.8) | 128.0 (119.0–139.0) | 0.381 |
| Monocytes (0.1–0.6) 109/L | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.867 |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (20–40) s | 29.1 (25.1–31.3) | 27.9 (24.9–31.0) | 0.524 |
| Fibrinogen (2–4) g/L | 2.9 (2.6–3.6) | 2.8 (2.3–3.3) | 0.073 |
| Prothrombin time (9–13) s | 11.4 (10.8–11.7) | 11.5 (11.0–12.0) | 0.385 |
| International normalized ratio (0.7–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 0.406 |
| D‐dimer (0–1) μg/mL | 0.7 (0.4–1.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.3) | 0.632 |
| Albumin (40–55) g/L | 39.4 (34.9–42.7) | 39.5 (36.1–43.1) | 0.542 |
| Globulin (20–40) g/L | 28.4 (24.1–31.3) | 26.9 (24.4–30.8) | 0.757 |
| Albumin‐to‐globulin ratio (1.2–2.4) | 1.4 (1.2–1.6) | 1.5 (1.2–1.7) | 0.639 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (9–50) U/L | 15.7 (10.9–28.8) | 19.7 (13.8–34.3) | 0.299 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase (15–40) U/L | 24.7 (16.8–37.3) | 21.0 (16.0–30.6) | 0.185 |
| Total bilirubin (2–20.4) μmol/L | 9.3 (6.2–13.8) | 9.6 (7.0–13.6) | 0.977 |
| Serum urea (1.7–8.3) mmol/L | 4.3 (3.0–5.9) | 4.1 (3.2–5.4) | 0.463 |
| Serum creatinine (57–111) μmol/L | 55.6 (42.4–65.2) | 65.7 (52.0–79.8) | 0.116 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (40–150) U/L | 60.8 (44.8–60.8) | 60.8 (46.0–60.8) | 0.266 |
| pH value (7.35–7.45) | 7.42 (7.41–7.46) | 7.42 (7.41–7.44) | 0.463 |
| Creatine kinase (38–174) U/L | 91.5 (47.0–166.8) | 88.0 (52.0–132.0) | 0.437 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (80–285) U/L | 214.6 (152.3–282.5) | 191.0 (150.0–216.0) | 0.264 |
| Creatine kinase isoenzyme (0–25) IU/L | 9.0 (6.0–11.5) | 8.4 (6.0–10.3) | 0.920 |
| Alpha‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (72–182) U/L | 170.5 (119.8–216.0) | 149.0 (118.3–167.0) | 0.276 |
| γ‐Glutamyltransferase (10–60) U/L | 17.5 (13.6–34.3) | 21.1 (13.3–38.9) | 0.562 |
| Glucose (3.9–6.1) mmol/L | 5.6 (4.7–10.5) | 5.5 (4.8–6.9) | 0.035 |
| Procalcitonin (< 0.04) ng/mL | 0.11 (0.05–0.24) | 0.05 (0.04–0.10) | 0.834 |
| C‐reactive protein (0–0.5) mg/dL | 3.5 (1.4–6.5) | 0.9 (0.1–3.4) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stays, days | 19.0 (12.8–33.3) | 16.0 (10.0–24.0) | <0.001 |
| Clinical outcomes, n (%) | |||
| Rehabilitation discharge | 33 (78.6) | 561 (91.1) | 0.017 |
| Died | 9 (21.4) | 55 (8.9) | |
Abbreviations: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, computed tomography; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis.
Values are median (interquartile range), unless otherwise indicated.