Table 1.

Using a One Health Research Framework for investigating low productivity of cocoa farmers (this conceptualisation used the framework developed by Lebov et al. [12]).

Farming factors	Potential environmental factors	Potential animal factors	Potential human health factors	Potential human behaviour/susceptibility factors
Cash crop (cocoa, copra) production Food crop production Farm management skills Income diversification Number and size of blocks Market knowledge Pests	Farm management Water sources Soil degradation Deforestation Forest conservation Food security Climate uncertainty	Domestic animals Pigs Chickens Wild animals Loss of animal habitat Extinction Food sources	Malaria Disease vectors (mosquitoes) Tuberculosis Respiratory diseases Communicable diseases Non- Communicable diseases Other chronic conditions (Diabetes) Lack of medications Lack of health professionals Lack of health services Prevalence of Domestic violence	Poor adoption of improvedproduction methodologies Few incentives to increase production High price volatility Fortress crop (crops for cash when needed) Labour shortages Poor education Poor access to government services (health, education, agriculture and veterinary) Poor roads Poor transport systems and market access Low borrowing capacity (Banks) Poor housing conditions Unimproved water sources Unimproved sanitation Proximity to animals Food insecurity Nutrition insecurity Women's roles Cultural norms (births, deaths) Beliefs (health, food, witchcraft) Religion

Many uncertainties relate to low production of cocoa – A One Health methodology explores the possible factors associated with poor cocoa production. Factors in bold are new One Health factors.

This is not a comprehensive list, but the key areas that arose during discussions with the research team and workshop participants.