Table 1.
Demographic and clinical information of mother and in utero HIV-infected infant pairs at baseline.
| All | Point-of-care Tested | Standard-of-care Tested | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 151) | (n = 76) | (n = 75) | |||||
| MOTHER | IQR/% | IQR/% | IQR/% | P-value of PoC vs SoC | |||
| Median maternal age (years) | 24.7 | (21.5–30.0) | 24.1 | (21.4–27.9) | 26.3 | (21.4–27.9) | 0.088 |
| Timing of maternal HIV infection | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Chronic; vertical | 6 | 4.0% | 3 | 4.0% | 3 | 4.0% | 0.41 |
| Chronic; horizontal | 36 | 23.8% | 14 | 18.4% | 22 | 29.3% | .. |
| Acute | 47 | 31.1% | 27 | 35.5% | 20 | 26.7% | .. |
| Unknown | 62 | 41.1% | 32 | 42.1% | 30 | 40.0% | .. |
| Previous MTCT | 7 | 4.6% | 4 | 5.3% | 3 | 4.0% | 1.0 |
| Median number of other children | 1 | (0–2) | 1 | (0–2) | 1 | (0–2) | 0.25 |
| Timing of maternal cART initiation | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Pre-pregnancy | 31 | 20.5% | 13 | 17.1% | 18 | 24.0% | 0.33 |
| During pregnancy >12 weeks prior to delivery | 50 | 33.1% | 26 | 34.2% | 24 | 32.0% | .. |
| During pregnancy <12 weeks prior to delivery | 33 | 21.9% | 16 | 21.1% | 17 | 22.7% | .. |
| During labour or at delivery | 20 | 13.2% | 14 | 18.4% | 6 | 8.0% | .. |
| Postnatally | 17 | 11.3% | 7 | 9.2% | 10 | 13.3% | .. |
| Maternal cART regimen at enrolment | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| 1st line (NNRTI) | 146 | 96.7% | 75 | 98.7% | 71 | 94.7% | 0.30 |
| 2nd line (PI) | 3 | 2.0% | 1 | 1.3% | 2 | 2.7% | .. |
| None* | 2 | 1.3% | 0 | 0% | 2 | 2.7% | .. |
| Self-reported antenatal cART non-adherence or refusal† | 63 | 55.3% | 30 | 54.5% | 33 | 55.9% | 0.69 |
| Median plasma viral load (HIV RNA copies per mL) | 4400 | (520–40 500) | 12 500 | (1400–160 000) | 2200 | (133–12 500) | 0.0002 |
| Median absolute CD4+ T cell count (cells/μL) | 452 | (318–637) | 442 | (298–604) | 462 | (348–641) | 0.45 |
| Median CD4:CD8 | 0.46 | (0.31–0.69) | 0.44 | (0.30–0.62) | 0.5 | (0.34–0.75) | 0.10 |
| INFANT | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Sex | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Male | 55 | 36.4% | 20 | 26.3% | 35 | 46.7% | 0.011 |
| Female | 96 | 63.6% | 56 | 73.7% | 40 | 53.3% | .. |
| Median Gestation at birth (weeks)‡ | 38 | (36–39) | 37 | (36–39) | 38 | (36–40) | 0.24 |
| Median Birth weight (kg) | 2.82 | (2.40–3.14) | 2.81 | (2.36–3.09) | 2.86 | (2.50–3.20) | 0.44 |
| Small for gestational ageठ| 32 | 21.2% | 16 | 21.1% | 16 | 21.3% | 1.00 |
| Exclusively breastfed | 120 | 79.5% | 69 | 90.8% | 51 | 68.0% | 0.0011 |
| Neonatal admission¶ | 46 | 30.5% | 23 | 30.3% | 23 | 30.7% | 1.00 |
| Infant ART prophylaxis | 151 | 100% | 76 | 100% | 75 | 100% | 1.0 |
| Nevirapine only | 47 | 31.1% | 26 | 34.2% | 21 | 28.0% | 0.45 |
| Zidovudine only | 1 | 0.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 1.3% | .. |
| Nevirapine and Zidovudine | 103 | 68.2% | 50 | 65.8% | 53 | 70.7% | .. |
| Median plasma viral load (HIV RNA copies per mL) | 8350 | (1500–67 500) | 29 500 | (3325–342 500) | 3350 | (300–22 500) | <0.0001 |
| Median absolute CD4+ T cell count (cells per μL) | 2035 | (1263–2700) | 1682 | (1012–2299) | 2444 | (1811–3147) | <0.0001 |
| Median CD4+ T cell percentage | 43 | (35–52) | 39 | (31.8–49.5) | 46 | (37–53) | 0.011 |
| Median CD4:CD8 | 1.86 | (1.13–2.84) | 1.54 | (1.05–2.65) | 2.08 | (1.36–3.21) | 0.043 |
| Standard-of-care TNA PCR birth test result | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. |
| Positive | 136 | 90.1% | 66 | 86.8% | 70 | 93.3% | 0.25 |
| Indeterminate | 13 | 8.6% | 8 | 10.5% | 5 | 6.7% | .. |
| Negative | 2 | 1.3% | 2 | 2.6% | 0 | 0% | .. |
| Age of cART initiation (hours or days) | 4d | (26h–10d) | 25.6h | (17.7–37.9 h) | 10d | (8–13d) | <0.0001 |
MTCT: mother-to-child transmission, NNRTI: non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, PI: protease inhibitor, cART: combination antiretroviral therapy.
⁎
Two mothers had cART initiation delayed beyond enrolment while TB infection was excluded.
†
Of those who initiated cART prior to labour.
‡
6 infants had unknown gestational age at birth.
§
As classified by InterGrowth 21st charts.
¶
Direct to neonatal ward or to the paediatric ward aged ≤ 28 days of life.