Table 3.
List of altered metabolites’ levels identified in urine samples of gastrointestinal cancer patients vs to healthy controls
|
U |
||||||
| PC[76] | PC[77] | CRC[79] | CRC[80] | GC[78] | GC[81] | |
| 1-methylnicotinamide | ↑1 | ↓2 | ↓ | |||
| 2-furoylglycine | ↑ | |||||
| 2-hydroxyisobutyrate | ↑ | |||||
| 2-oxobutyrate | ↑ | |||||
| 2-phenylacetamide | ↑ | |||||
| 3-aminoisobutyrate | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| 3-hydroxyisovalerate | ↓ | ↑ | ||||
| 4-hydroxyphenylacetate | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| 4-pyridoxate | ↑ | |||||
| Acetate | ↑ | |||||
| Acetoacetate | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Acetone | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Acetylated compounds | ↑ | |||||
| Alanine | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ||
| Aminobutyrate | ↑ | |||||
| Arginine | ↑ | |||||
| Ascorbate | ↓ | |||||
| Asparagine | ↓ | |||||
| Betaine | ↑ | |||||
| Choline | ↑ | ↓ | ||||
| Cis-aconitate | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Citrate | ↓ | ↓ | ||||
| Creatinine | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |||
| Cysteine | ↓ | |||||
| Dimethylamine | ↑ | ↓ | ||||
| Dimethyl sulfone | ↓ | |||||
| Formate | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Fucose | ↑ | |||||
| Glucose | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Glutamine | ↑ | |||||
| Glycerol | ↓ | |||||
| Glycine | ↓ | ↑ | ||||
| Glycolate | ↑ | |||||
| Guanido-acetate | ↑ | |||||
| Hippurate | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | |||
| Histidine | ↑ | |||||
| Homocysteine | ↑ | |||||
| Hypoxanthine | ↑ | ↓ | ||||
| Indoxyl sulfate | ↑ | |||||
| Isocitrate | ↓ | |||||
| Lactate | ↑ | |||||
| Leucine | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Mannitol | ↑ | |||||
| Methanol | ↓ | |||||
| Methionine | ↑ | |||||
| Methylamine | ↓ | |||||
| N-acetyl serotonin | ↑ | |||||
| N-methyl hydantoin | ↑ | |||||
| O-acetyl carnitine | ↑ | ↑ | ||||
| Phenylacetyl glycine | ↑ | |||||
| Phenylalanine | ↓ | ↑ | ||||
| Putrescine | ↑ | |||||
| Succinate | ↑ | |||||
| Sucrose | ↑ | |||||
| Taurine | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| Threonine | ↓ | |||||
| Threonine | ↑ | |||||
| TMAO | ↑ | |||||
| Trans-aconitate | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| Trigonelline | ↓ | ↓ | ||||
| Tryptophan | ↑ | |||||
| Tyrosine | ↑ | |||||
| Urea | ↑ | |||||
| Valine | ↑ | |||||
| Xylose | ↑ | |||||
1
↑Higher metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers.
2
↓Lower metabolite levels in gastrointestinal cancers. U: Urine; TMAO: Trimetlylamine oxide; CRC: Colorectal cancer; PC: Pancreatic cancer.