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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: Eur Urol. 2019 Jul 9;76(4):482–490. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.06.027

Table 2 –

Total prevalence of hypospadias by program and time period (International Clearinghouse for Birth Defects Surveillance and Research)

Program Delivery years 1980–2010
 2000–2010
Total prevalence per 10 000 95% Confidence interval
 Quartilea Total prevalence per 10 000 95% Confidence interval
 Quartilea
Lower Upper Lower Upper
Argentina 2009–2010 2.14 1.11 4.83 Q1 2.14 1.11 4.83 Q1
Australia 1980–2010 33.68 31.58 35.34 Q4 36.21 34.26 38.32 Q4
Canada (National) 2005–2010 24.45 23.57 25.31 Q3 24.45 23.57 25.31 Q3
Alberta, Canada 1980–2010 21.13 19.77 22.31 Q3 21.51 19.84 22.94 Q2
Chile-Maule 2002–2010 8.26 6.62 9.85 Q1 8.26 6.62 9.85 Q1
Colombia 2001–2010 4.70 4.24 9.17 Q1 4.70 4.24 9.17 Q1
Costa Rica 1987–2010 4.77 4.24 5.42 Q1 6.17 5.62 6.74 Q1
Czech Republic 1980–2010 25.64 24.31 27.72 Q3 31.86 30.29 32.70 Q4
Finland 1993–2010 15.54 14.64 16.37 Q2 15.97 14.74 17.11 Q2
France 1980–2010 10.60 9.56 11.54 Q1 12.55 11.67 13.49 Q1
Germany 1987–2010 18.21 16.47 20.61 Q2 19.32 17.09 21.65 Q2
Hungary 1980–2010 22.30 21.17 23.92 Q3 25.78 23.28 28.35 Q3
Iran 2005–2010 13.69 8.70 18.41 Q2 13.69 8.70 18.41 Q2
Lombardia, Italy 1999–2010 37.38 33.42 40.92 Q4 38.11 34.17 41.70 Q4
Tuscany, Italy 1992–2010 19.22 17.15 21.16 Q2 20.17 18.07 22.34 Q2
Malta 1993–2010 29.64 22.46 38.88 Q4 36.45 26.22 47.28 Q4
Mexico 1980–2010 3.17 2.67 3.40 Q1 2.75 2.04 3.53 Q1
New Zealand 1980–1993 19.61 16.56 22.21 Q2 27.02 24.65 29.70 Q3
1996–2010
Northern Netherlands 1981–2010 15.06 12.80 17.05 Q2 20.04 17.39 22.98 Q2
Slovak Republic 1995–2010 21.98 20.30 23.81 Q3 21.35 19.09 23.93 Q2
Spain 1980–2010 14.75 14.12 16.34 Q2 12.11 11.47 12.73 Q1
Sweden 1980–2010 20.01 18.52 21.48 Q3 24.97 23.39 26.26 Q3
Arkansas, USA 1993–2010 39.11 36.67 41.43 Q4 40.13 36.67 43.50 Q4
Atlanta, GA, USA 1980–2010 31.28 29.66 32.70 Q4 30.21 27.99 32.61 Q3
Texas, USA 1996–2010 28.14 26.36 29.01 Q3 28.57 27.32 29.75 Q3
Utah, USA 1999–2010 30.59 28.03 32.84 Q4 31.05 28.52 33.34 Q3
Wales 1998–2010 31.65 30.57 32.80 Q4 32.15 31.25 33.13 Q4
Total – 20.91 19.19 22.63 – 23.78 22.06 25.50 –
a

Q1 corresponds to the lowest quartile of total prevalence and Q4 corresponds to the highest quartile.