TABLE 1.
Non-dual manifestations of virtues.
| Virtues | From vice to virtue: Non-dual manifestations |
| Wisdom | • Shifting from a self-focused, defensive orientation, toward a greater view that facilitates learning and growth (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • Practical wisdom serves as a steppingstone to transcendent wisdom – worldly perfection that leads to divine enlightenment. This virtue includes understanding what is meaningful and lasting and having insight into transcendent ends rather than practical means (Peterson and Seligman, 2004) | |
| Courage | • Shifting from a defensive and self-threatening orientation regarding failures and setbacks toward accepting responsibility and improving one’s self abilities (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • Achievement of a healthy intimacy with Nothing-Infinite Eternal, fearlessness, allowing one to engage with what causes fear (Barnesmoore and Fisher, 2019) | |
| Humanity | • Moving from a self-focus, which may facilitate loneliness, toward focusing on others, thereby building relationships and closeness (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • Includes strengths that often represent self-transcendent emotions, often encouraging individuals to put aside their own needs and desires in favor of someone else’s (Stellar et al., 2017) | |
| Justice | • Replacing the conflict and competition that may be fostered by a self-focus with collaborative and supportive relationships, fostered by a larger view (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • Includes strengths that value social bonds, building and sustaining relationships in reflection of a self-transcendent, rather than a self-enhancing, orientation (Peterson and Seligman, 2004) | |
| Temperance | • Moving from self-centered to eco-considerate goals, reflecting a shift from obsessive to harmonious passion (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • This virtue includes countering the natural tendency to value oneself more than others and attending to what is truly of value in all persons (Morgan, 2001) | |
| Transcendence | • Shifting from such self-focused emotions as pride and shame, to other-focused ones, including appreciation and gratitude (Crocker, 2008; Crocker et al., 2017) |
| • This virtue is thought to be most directly related to belief and commitment to the immaterial. Within it are paths to excellence, goodness, a dreamed-of future, and direct connection to troubles and contradictions by means of pleasure rather than anger or fear (Peterson and Seligman, 2004) |