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. 2020 Jun 2;11(6):414. doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-2612-z

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The genes expression in immune system were analyzed by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis between chronic osteomyelitis-infected samples and non-infectious fractures samples. b Profiling of differentially expressed interferon-related genes between chronic osteomyelitis-infected samples and non-infectious fractures samples. c Representative images of immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against IFN-λ1, CD80, CD86, and CD1a. d ELISA for IFN-λ1 concentrations from the serum of chronic osteomyelitis patients and non-infectious fracture patients. e Relative expression of IFN-λ1 on mRNA and protein level between LPS (100 ng/ml) pretreatment with dendritic cells and vehicle for 72 h. β-actin and GAPDH were used as an internal control. f Schematic representation of the experimental design of the establishment the co-culture between osteoclast and LPS-induced dendritic cells. g Representative images of TRAP staining of RAW264.7 cells treated with different groups. h Quantification of multinucleated TRAP-positive osteoclast number per well. The data in the figures represent the averages ± SD. Scale bars = 200 μm. Significant differences are indicated as *p < 0.05 or **p < 0.01 paired using Student’s t-test unless otherwise specified.