Table 2.

Soil bulk density (BD), water content (WD), saturated water content (SWC), field water capacity (FWC), soil porosity (SP), capillary porosity (CP), non-capillary porosity (NCP), capillary water content (CWC) at the topsoil during the studied four seasons as influenced by different treatments (mean ± SE, n = 3).

	Itema	BD (g cm−3)	WC (%)	SWC (%)	FWC (%)	SP (%)	CP (%)	NCP (%)
Season 1	CK	1.48 ± 0.05a	20.69 ± 3.09ab	23.64 ± 3.91b	22.58 ± 3.63b	43.97 ± 1.94b	31.87 ± 4.49b	12.1 ± 3.86b
	FA	1.36 ± 0.27b	19.52 ± 4.02b	27.26 ± 1.13a	25.66 ± 1.03ab	48.48 ± 1.22a	34.82 ± 7.17a	13.66 ± 1.04ab
	BC1	1.32 ± 0.05b	24.67 ± 0.93a	31.91 ± 2.05a	28.74 ± 0.31a	50.53 ± 1.87a	31.75 ± 7.35b	18.78 ± 5.48a
	BC1 + FA	1.44 ± 0.03a	19.78 ± 3.66b	24.58 ± 1.82b	22.95 ± 1.41b	45.8 ± 1.13ab	35.74 ± 4.25a	10.06 ± 2.28b
	BC2	1.41 ± 0.02a	22.48 ± 1.59ab	26.24 ± 0.48a	24.17 ± 0.9ab	46.95 ± 0.01a	32.05 ± 1.46b	14.91 ± 1.45ab
	BC2 + FA	1.4 ± 0.02a	24.89 ± 2.84a	28.145 ± 1.77a	27.02 ± 2.18a	47.28 ± 0.93a	36.25 ± 4.48a	11.03 ± 3.55b
	BC3	1.42 ± 0.16a	19.62 ± 3.59b	25.645 ± 6.31a	23.26 ± 4.99ab	46.32 ± 5.76a	34.81 ± 6.51ab	11.52 ± 0.76b
	BC3 + FA	1.36 ± 0.01b	24.99 ± 2.55a	29.085 ± 1.46a	27.55 ± 1.44a	48.78 ± 0.21a	37.81 ± 1.22a	10.97 ± 1b
Season 2	CK	1.35 ± 0.04a	29.35 ± 1.11a	34.37 ± 2.75ab	32.6 ± 1.42b	49 ± 1.52ab	44.03 ± 0.62a	4.98 ± 0.9b
	FA	1.36 ± 0.03a	28.85 ± 1.66b	33.28 ± 1.5ab	32.26 ± 1.5b	48.66 ± 1.2b	43.86 ± 1.13a	4.8 ± 0.68b
	BC1	1.34 ± 0.02a	28.65 ± 2.09b	34.69 ± 0.89ab	33.35 ± 0.65b	49.51 ± 0.7ab	44.61 ± 0.25a	4.89 ± 0.46b
	BC1 + FA	1.32 ± 0a	30.28 ± 0.28a	35.95 ± 0.94ab	33.94 ± 0.07b	50.37 ± 0.02a	44.64 ± 0.1a	5.74 ± 0.12b
	BC2	1.32 ± 0.02a	29.23 ± 0.73a	39.95 ± 1.64a	36.71 ± 0.49a	53.98 ± 0.82a	44.77 ± 0.21a	9.22 ± 1.02a
	BC2 + FA	1.33 ± 0.03a	29.3 ± 1.66a	34 ± 2.13ab	32.39 ± 0.96b	49.69 ± 0.97ab	43.17 ± 0.45a	6.53 ± 0.52b
	BC3	1.28 ± 0.05b	31.34 ± 0.85a	38.33 ± 1.96a	37.02 ± 2.44a	51.67 ± 1.87a	47.35 ± 1.29a	4.32 ± 0.58b
	BC3 + FA	1.27 ± 0.06b	30.68 ± 1.92a	30.73 ± 6.63b	35.83 ± 2.3a	52.22 ± 2.3a	45.3 ± 0.73a	6.93 ± 1.57b
	Item	BD (g cm−3)	WC (%)	SWC (%)	FWC (%)	SP (%)	CP (%)	NCP (%)
Season 3	CK	1.38 ± 0.01a	24.92 ± 6.83a	28.59 ± 4.49a	23.2 ± 6.07a	47.8 ± 0.2a	38.11 ± 6.89ab	9.69 ± 6.69ab
	FA	1.32 ± 0.11b	25.95 ± 6.92a	31.23 ± 8.63a	23.94 ± 6.86a	50.15 ± 4.12a	39.14 ± 6.89a	11 ± 2.97a
	BC1	1.4 ± 0.12a	26.76 ± 2.06a	29.38 ± 11.31a	23.83 ± 9.89a	47.28 ± 4.52a	39.78 ± 12.64a	7.5 ± 8.11b
	BC1 + FA	1.36 ± 0.1a	24.41 ± 6.41a	28.92 ± 6.62a	22.59 ± 5.7a	48.63 ± 3.74a	37.75 ± 6.77b	10.88 ± 3.03a
	BC2	1.38 ± 0.08a	24.71 ± 7.04a	28.31 ± 7.06a	22.62 ± 6.37a	47.74 ± 2.91a	37.67 ± 7.28b	10.07 ± 4.37a
	BC2 + FA	1.38 ± 0.01a	23.91 ± 0.58a	28.29 ± 1.16a	22.28 ± 1a	47.94 ± 0.22a	37.65 ± 1.39b	10.29 ± 1.17a
	BC3	1.31 ± 0.04b	25.39 ± 5.18a	30.76 ± 4.5aa	23.87 ± 5.09a	50.51 ± 1.43a	40.21 ± 4.38a	10.3 ± 2.95a
	BC3 + FA	1.36 ± 0.1ab	24.96 ± 6.49a	30.04 ± 7.6aa	22.96 ± 6.53a	48.69 ± 3.84a	38.26 ± 5.78ab	10.43 ± 1.94a
Season 4	CK	1.31 ± 0.28a	12.52 ± 1.04a	37.21 ± 2.4b	27.06 ± 1.35ab	50.68 ± 1.62a	42.17 ± 4.09a	8.5 ± 5.59c
	FA	1.32 ± 0.05a	14.26 ± 1.05a	37.74 ± 1.8b	25.97 ± 1.22b	51.45 ± 2.8b	44.18 ± 9.19a	7.27 ± 8.36c
	BC1	1.26 ± 0.24ab	10.76 ± 2.34b	40.8 ± 0ab	26.72 ± 0.12ab	52.39 ± 1.51ab	36.06 ± 2.1b	16.33 ± 0.59a
	BC1 + FA	1.19 ± 0.88c	13.05 ± 1.08a	44.13 ± 5.04a	30.31 ± 3.36a	55.15 ± 2.91a	42.04 ± 3.34a	13.11 ± 4.39b
	BC2	1.25 ± 0.21ab	12.97 ± 2.28a	40.9 ± 0ab	30.87 ± 0.21a	52.91 ± 0.08ab	39.06 ± 0.55ab	13.85 ± 0.63b
	BC2 + FA	1.23 ± 0.03b	13.11 ± 1.03a	42.1 ± 1.42a	27.5 ± 3.02ab	53.75 ± 0.01a	45.94 ± 2.08a	7.81 ± 2.09c
	BC3	1.22 ± 0.32b	13.25 ± 1.85a	41.7 ± 0ab	27.77 ± 0.34ab	53.86 ± 0.07a	34.74 ± 0.65b	19.12 ± 0.57a
	BC3 + FA	1.25 ± 0.11ab	12.73 ± 2.05a	40.79 ± 1.44ab	27.68 ± 0.05ab	52.98 ± 1.82ab	44.11 ± 1.33a	8.87 ± 3.15c

^aCK is control, BC1 is 7.5 t ha⁻¹ biochar, BC2 is 15 t ha⁻¹ biochar, BC3 is 30 t ha⁻¹ biochar, FA is 1.5 t ha⁻¹ fulvic acid. Mean values ± SE in the same row of each studied season followed by the different lowercase letters indicate significantly difference using LSD test at p < 0.05 level.