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. 2020 Jun 2;10:8980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65487-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gene ontology comparison among genomes of reindeer and nine mammalian species. (a) Distribution of gene clusters among the compared mammalian species. (b) Venn diagram showing unique and shared gene families among five ruminants (cattle, goat, reindeer, sheep and yak). (c) Gene expansion and contraction in the reindeer genome. The numbers of gene families that have expanded (green, +) and contracted (red, -) after splitting are shown on the corresponding branch and pie charts. MRCA, most recent common ancestor. (d) Phylogenetic tree based on 4-fold degenerate sites of 7,951 single-copy orthologous genes. Estimates of divergence time with 95% confidence interval (CI) are shown at each node.