Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Chinese T2DM patients with/without KSD in both sexes
| Male (n = 4,073) | p value | Female (n = 3,184) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| with KSD (n = 691) |
without KSD (n = 3,382) |
with KSD (n = 400) |
without KSD (n = 2,784) |
|||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years | 56.27±12.04 | 56.01±13.14 | 0.605 | 60.74±10.32 | 60.25±11.13 | 0.407 |
| DD, years | 8.00 (2.00–12.00) | 7.00 (2.00–12.00) | 0.791 | 9.00 (4.00–15.00) | 9.00 (4.00–14.00) | 0.780 |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smokers | 273 (40.1%) | 1,270 (38.4%) | 0.642# | 389 (99.0%) | 2,667 (98.0%) | 0.298# |
| Current smokers | 297 (43.7%) | 1,461 (44.2%) | 4 (1.0%) | 44 (1.6%) | ||
| Former smokers | 110 (16.2%) | 572 (17.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (0.4%) | ||
| Drinking | ||||||
| Never drinkers | 389 (57.2%) | 1,892 (57.3%) | 0.608# | 387 (98.5%) | 2,655 (97.5%) | 0.501# |
| Current drinkers | 222 (32.6%) | 1,036 (31.4%) | 5 (1.3%) | 52 (1.9%) | ||
| Former drinkers | 69 (10.1%) | 374 (11.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 15 (0.6%) | ||
| Family history of DM | 236 (34.8%) | 1,122 (34.0%) | 0.701 | 120 (30.5%) | 944 (34.7%) | 0.104 |
| History of urinary stones | 154 (22.3%) | 140 (4.1%) | <0.001 | 71 (17.8%) | 78 (2.8%) | <0.001 |
| History of gout | 41 (5.9%) | 120 (3.5%) | <0.01 | 6 (1.5%) | 23 (0.8%) | 0.185 |
| Physical measurements | ||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 135.82±19.94 | 136.43±20.35 | 0.466 | 141.79±22.26 | 138.91±21.48 | <0.05 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 82.45±12.51 | 81.95±12.35 | 0.325 | 80.25±11.95 | 78.97±11.82 | <0.05 |
| BMI | 25.10±3.46 | 24.90±3.49 | 0.168 | 24.58±3.85 | 24.35±3.78 | 0.251 |
| WHR | 0.95±0.06 | 0.95±0.06 | 0.088 | 0.94±0.08 | 0.93±0.07 | <0.01 |
| Laboratory measurements | ||||||
| Hb, g/L | 136 (123–149) | 137 (122–148) | 0.537 | 121 (107–129) | 122 (110–132) | <0.05 |
| ALB, g/L | 37.0 (33.4–39.5) | 37.1 (33.4–39.7) | 0.658 | 36.40 (32.70–39.28) | 36.70 (33.70–39.00) | 0.269 |
| Lipid profile, mmol/L | ||||||
| TG | 1.66 (1.14–2.54) | 1.48 (1.01–2.33) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.17–2.48) | 1.65 (1.14–2.37) | 0.451 |
| CHOL | 4.25 (3.54–5.00) | 4.19 (3.51–4.92) | 0.273 | 4.50 (3.87–5.25) | 4.53 (3.79–5.27) | 0.778 |
| HDL-C | 0.95±0.27 | 0.97±0.29 | 0.161 | 1.07±0.32 | 1.10±0.33 | 0.069 |
| LDL-C | 2.79±1.00 | 2.71±0.95 | 0.064 | 2.98±1.15 | 2.89±1.00 | 0.079 |
| GLU, mmol/L | 7.51 (5.74–10.33) | 7.52 (5.86–10.12) | 0.965 | 7.29 (5.75–9.48) | 7.61 (5.90–10.22) | <0.05 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.7 (7.1–10.7) | 8.9 (7.2–10.8) | 0.097 | 8.20 (7.10–10.00) | 8.60 (7.10–10.50) | <0.05 |
| HOMA2-B, % | 47.40 (27.23–76.78) | 41.90 (23.10–70.10) | <0.01 | 47.10 (27.50–86.10) | 41.10 (22.00–69.20) | <0.01 |
| HOMA2-IR | 1.29 (0.85–1.90) | 1.11 (0.75–1.69) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.80–1.91) | 1.12 (0.76–1.70) | <0.05 |
| Serum Ca, mmol/L | 2.18±0.15 | 2.17±0.15 | 0.066 | 2.18±0.14 | 2.19±0.15 | 0.357 |
| Serum P, mmol/L | 0.96±0.22 | 1.00±0.21 | <0.001 | 1.03±0.20 | 1.06±0.21 | <0.01 |
| 25(OH)D | ||||||
| <50 nmol/L | 381 (68.3%) | 1,901 (70.6%) | 0.283 | 262 (76.2%) | 1,785 (78.5%) | 0.344 |
| ≥50 nmol/L | 177 (18.2%) | 793 (29.4%) | 75 (21.8%) | 428 (18.8%) | ||
| UA, µmol/L | 342.32±102.32 | 328.19±97.60 | <0.001 | 302.91±102.59 | 286.73±92.72 | <0.01 |
| Cr, µmol/L | 77.40 (63.05–105.50) | 72.80 (61.00–94.65) | <0.001 | 61.20 (48.33–80.50) | 55.60 (45.90–73.30) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 118.61±52.96 | 126.76±53.52 | <0.001 | 116.91±54.38 | 126.61±54.91 | <0.001 |
| U-pH | 5.73±0.71 | 5.64±0.67 | <0.001 | 5.84±0.81 | 5.74±0.76 | <0.05 |
| 24HUV, mL | 1,430 (1,000–2,000) | 1,500 (1,000–2,000) | 0.848 | 1,350 (1,000–2,000) | 1,300 (1,000–1,800) | 0.697 |
| 24HUALB, mg/day | 30.60 (8.54–160.00) | 21.41 (7.50–186.81) | 0.070 | 26.40 (8.60–106.48) | 16.90 (6.02–88.67) | <0.01 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| DR | 160 (23.2%) | 976 (28.9%) | <0.01 | 122 (30.5%) | 1,004 (36.1%) | <0.05 |
| DPN | 293 (42.4%) | 1,698 (50.2%) | <0.001 | 214 (53.5%) | 1,535 (55.1%) | 0.538 |
| DAN | 24 (3.5%) | 107 (3.2%) | 0.674 | 22 (5.5%) | 115 (4.1%) | 0.207 |
| DFU | 37 (5.4%) | 264 (7.8%) | <0.05 | 22 (5.5%) | 146 (5.2%) | 0.831 |
| DN | 229 (33.1%) | 1,185 (35.0%) | 0.340 | 114 (28.5%) | 851 (30.6%) | 0.400 |
| DKA | 53 (7.7%) | 309 (9.1%) | 0.217 | 19 (4.8%) | 197 (7.1%) | 0.084 |
| HTN | 364 (52.7%) | 1,803 (53.3%) | 0.761 | 255 (63.7%) | 1,686 (60.6%) | 0.221 |
| CHD | 126 (18.2%) | 613 (18.1%) | 0.946 | 94 (23.5%) | 699 (25.1%) | 0.487 |
| CVD | 97 (14.0%) | 436 (12.9%) | 0.416 | 56 (14.0%) | 399 (14.3%) | 0.859 |
| FL | 303 (43.8%) | 1,373 (40.6%) | 0.113 | 164 (41.0%) | 1,065 (38.3%) | 0.292 |
| RC | 239 (34.6%) | 805 (23.8%) | <0.001 | 80 (20.0%) | 458 (16.5%) | 0.077 |
| UTI | 46 (6.7%) | 87 (2.6%) | <0.001 | 77 (19.3%) | 445 (16.0%) | 0.099 |
|
Medication use Glucose lowering |
||||||
| OHA | 510 (73.8%) | 2,439 (72.1%) | 0.365 | 296 (74.0%) | 2,049 (73.6%) | 0.865 |
| Insulin | 459 (66.4%) | 2,372 (70.1%) | 0.054 | 263 (65.8%) | 1,960 (70.4%) | 0.058 |
| RAAS inhibitors | ||||||
| ACEIs | 120 (17.4%) | 621 (18.4%) | 0.536 | 51 (12.8%) | 508 (18.2%) | <0.01 |
| ARBs | 149 (21.6%) | 751 (22.2%) | 0.711 | 133 (33.3%) | 722 (25.9%) | <0.01 |
| Lipid lowering | 501 (72.5%) | 2,415 (71.4%) | 0.560 | 300 (75.0%) | 2,050 (73.6%) | 0.562 |
KSD, kidney stone disease; DD, diabetic duration; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-hip ratio; Hb, hemoglobin; ALB, albumin; TG, triglycerides; CHOL, cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GLU, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HOMA, Homeostasis Model Assessment; Ca, calcium; P, phosphorus; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; UA, uric acid; Cr, creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; U-pH, urine pH; 24HUV, 24-hour urine volume; 24HUALB, 24-hour urine albumin; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DPN, diabetic peripheral neuropathy; DAN, diabetic autonomic neuropathy; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; DN, diabetic nephropathy; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; HTN, hypertension; CHD, coronary heart disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; FL, fatty liver; RC, renal cysts; UTI, urinary tract infections; OHA, oral hypoglycemic drugs; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers.
value for trend.