Table 2.
Associations Between Childhood Socioeconomic Conditions and (Pre-)Frailtya at Older Age, Women
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Age | 3.52 (2.72, 4.55)*** | 3.49 (2.35, 5.19)*** | 3.69 (2.07, 6.60)*** |
| Age squared | 1.45 (1.25, 1.68)*** | 1.34 (1.05, 1.69)* | 1.57 (1.10, 2.23)* |
| Birth cohort, warb | 0.97 (0.87, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.10) |
| Birth cohort, economic crisisb | 1.02 (0.91, 1.17) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) |
| Living with one parentc | 1.09 (0.87, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) |
| Living without parentsc | 1.23 (0.94, 1.63) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.56) | 1.17 (0.84, 1.63) |
| CSC advantagedd | 1.04 (0.81, 1.34) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.18) | 0.98 (0.72, 1.34) |
| CSC middled | 1.17 (0.93, 1.63) | 0.94 (0.74, 1.20) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.48) |
| CSC disadvantagedd | 1.33 (1.04, 1.70)* | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.67, 1.26) |
| CSC most disadvantagedd | 1.73 (1.34, 2.24)*** | 1.12 (0.85, 1.47) | 1.06 (0.75, 1.50) |
| Age × CSC advantagedd | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) | 0.91 (0.68, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.66, 1.58) |
| Age × CSC middled | 1.04 (0.78, 1.38) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) | 1.05 (0.68, 1.60) |
| Age × CSC disadvantagedd | 1.02 (0.77, 1.35) | 1.02 (0.76, 1.38) | 0.98 (0.63, 1.51) |
| Age × CSC most disadvantagedd | 0.87 (0.65, 1.16) | 0.89 (0.65, 1.21) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.60) |
| Level of education in years | 0.96 (0.95, 0.98)*** | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99)* | |
| Age × education | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | |
| Main occupation, lowe | 1.20 (1.02, 1.40)* | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | |
| Age × low occupatione | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.00) | |
| Satisfaction with income | 1.37 (1.30, 1.44)*** | 1.30 (1.22, 1.39)*** | |
| Age × satisfaction with income | 1.05 (0.99, 1.12) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.10) | |
| Partnership, without partnerf | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25)* | ||
| Delayed recall | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | ||
| Fluency | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Ever smokedg | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26)* | ||
| Number of chronic conditions | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | ||
| Difficulties ADL | 0.90 (0.82, 1.00) | ||
| Difficulties IADL | 1.09 (1.01, 1.18)* |
Note. ADL = activities of daily living; CI = confidence interval; CSC = childhood socioeconomic conditions; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; OR = odds ratio; Ref = reference category. Models are adjusted for attrition, country, aged squared × education, age squared × occupation, age squared × satisfaction with income. N = 11,604. Satisfaction with income ranges between 1 (great difficulty) and 4 (easily).
aFrailty, reference category non-frail.
bBirth cohort, reference category no war and no economic crisis.
cLiving with biological parents, reference category both parents.
dCSC, reference category most advantaged.
eMain occupation, reference category high occupation.
fPartnership status, reference category with partner.
gSmoking, reference category never.
*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.