Table 3.

Pilot Study Pretest M ± SD, Pre–Post Change M, Group × Test Interaction and Effect Size by Training Group and Outcome Measure

	Visual games (n = 25)		Control (n = 19)		Group × Test
Measure	Pretest M ± SD	Change M	Pretest M ± SD	Change M	F valuea	Effect Size db
Primary
RBANS Total Scale Score	102.8 ± 17.7	4.7*	112.9 ± 17.4	−1.3	4.90*	0.33
Verbal Memory Indexc	100.0 ± 8.0	1.1	100.9 ± 7.7	−0.3	1.53	0.18
Visual Processing Indexd	98.6 ± 7.1	2.9**	102.5 ± 6.1	−0.6	5.87*	0.51
Secondary
Working Memory Indexe	99.0 ± 6.4	3.7**	101.7 ± 10.3	0.3	3.61†	0.41
Verbal Memory 2 Indexf	100.6 ± 8.7	0.8	100.5 ± 9.5	0.1	0.14	0.08
Processing Speedg	51.8 ± 13.2	3.2**	57.3 ± 14.3	−0.1	4.29*	0.24

Note: HVLT = Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised; M = Mean; RBANS = Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status; SD = Standard deviation; WAIS = Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.

^aDegrees of freedom (1, 42). ^bEffect size based on Morris (2008): d = mean ([Post_Train – Pre_Train] – [Post_Control – Pre_Control])/SD_{Pooled Pre}. ^cRBANS List Learning, RBANS List Recognition, RBANS List Recall, RBANS Story Recall, RBANS Story Memory. ^dRBANS Figure Copy, RBANS Figure Recall, RBANS Line Orientation, RBANS Coding. ^eWAIS-III Letter-Number Sequencing, RBANS Digits Span. ^fHVLT-R Total, HVLT-R Delayed. ^gWAIS-III Coding.

^† p < .10. *p < .05. **p < .01..