Table 3.
Intervention Effects at Follow-up (Analyses of Covariances [ANCOVAs]; Pre-test Performance as Covariate)
| Outcome measure | df | F | p | η 2 p | BF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working memory measures | |||||
| Spatial n-back (Acc) | 1, 101 | 15.51 | *** | .13 | 144.68 |
| Sternberg (Acc) | 1, 102 | 0.00 | .95 | .00 | 0.21 |
| Symmetry span (Acc) | 1, 99 | 0.00 | .96 | .00 | 0.21 |
| Spatial n-back (RT, correct) | 1, 101 | 0.04 | .84 | .00 | 0.21 |
| Sternberg (RT, correct) | 1, 102 | 10.54 | ** | .09 | 19.87 |
| Inhibitory control measures | |||||
| Spatial n-back (false alarms) | 1, 101 | 10.19 | ** | .09 | 16.01 |
| D2 (TN − E) | 1, 101 | 3.49 | .07 | .03 | 0.97 |
| VLTM (intrusions) | 1, 103 | 0.02 | .88 | .00 | 0.21 |
| Long-term memory measures | |||||
| Metamemory (recall) | 1, 97 | 0.00 | .97 | .00 | 0.22 |
| VLTM (recall) | 1, 103 | 0.08 | .78 | .00 | 0.22 |
| CEDAR (Acc) | 1, 103 | 0.53 | .47 | .01 | 0.26 |
| Control measures | |||||
| Mill Hill Vocabularya | 1, 99 | 0.38 | .54 | .00 | 0.25 |
| Letter comparison | 1, 104 | 0.89 | .35 | .01 | 0.30 |
| Pattern comparison | 1, 104 | 2.49 | .12 | .02 | 0.62 |
Notes: p values and Bayes factors (BF) are two tailed (uncorrected). BF above 1 (in bold) are considered evidence in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Acc = accuracy; CEDAR = Characterization of the Elderly on Daily Activities in the Real-World; RT = reaction time; VLTM = visual long-term memory.
aAssumptions for ANCOVA were not met, thus, the values for the Session × Group interaction (repeated measures analysis of variance) are reported instead.
**p < .01. ***p < .001 (two tailed).