Table 1.

Action of cadmium on testicular cells.

Species	Cell	Action	References
SERTOLI CELL
Pig	Sertoli cell	DNA damage (+), apoptosis (+)	Zhang et al., 2018
Rat	Sertoli cell	Dhh and Fshr expression (–) Ultrastructure alteration (+), Cytoplasmic vacuolation (+), Cytoskeleton disarrangement (+) BTB disruption (+)	Hew et al., 1993; Haffor and Abou-Tarboush, 2004; Wong et al., 2005; de Souza Predes et al., 2011; Xiao et al., 2014; Li et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2018
Human	Sertoli cell	BTB disruption (+)	Xiao et al., 2014
Mouse	Sertoli cell	Mitochondrial alteration (+)	Bizarro et al., 2003
LEYDIG CELL
Rat	Fetal Leydig cell	Steroidogenic gene expression (–) Testosterone synthesis (–) Insl3 expression (–)	Hu et al., 2014; Li et al., 2018
Rat	Adult Leydig cell	Leydig cell development (–) Leydig cell number (–) Testosterone synthesis (–) Leydig cell volume (–) Cytoplasm vacuolization (+) Leydig cell tumor (+) Leydig cell regeneration (–)	Mckenna et al., 1996; Waalkes et al., 1997, 1999; Biswas et al., 2001; Gunnarsson et al., 2004; Blanco et al., 2007, 2010; Cupertino et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2017; Mahmoudi et al., 2018; Tian et al., 2018
Mouse	Adult Leydig cell	Steroidogenic gene expression (–) Testosterone secretion (–) Leydig cell number (–) Leydig cell cytoplasm alteration (+) Leydig cell tumors (+)	Hu et al., 2014; Mahmoudi et al., 2018
GERM CELLS
Rat	Spermatogenesis	Spermatogonia number (–), Massive germ cell death (+)	Cupertino et al., 2017; Mahmoudi et al., 2018
Human	Sperm	Motility (–)	Vine, 1996
Rat	Sperm	Sperm motility (–), Sperm count (–), In vitro fertilization rate (–), Early embryonic development (–)	Zhao et al., 2017; Mahmoudi et al., 2018

BTB, blood-testis barrier; (–) or (+), inhibition or stimulation.