Table 4. Goodness-of-fit Indices of Models for Invariance Examination in Study 3 (N = 652).

	Model	χ2	df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA	90% CI	SRMR	AIC	BIC	ABIC
Gender	Male (N = 299)	106.081	52	.976	.959	.059	[.043, .075]	.021	12376.367	12624.297	12411.814
	Female (N = 353)	145.979	52	.959	.927	.072	[.058, .085]	.024	14771.497	15030.550	14817.999
	M1	251.251	104	.968	.943	.066	[.056, .076]	.023	27147.864	27748.190	27322.741
	M2	293.546	137	.966	.954	.059	[.050, .069]	.033	27134.123	27586.607	27265.933
	M3	315.046	151	.964	.957	.058	[.049, .067]	.040	27124.480	27514.244	27238.020
	M4	317.605	165	.966	.963	.053	[.044, .062]	.043	27119.838	27446.881	27215.107
Age	G1 (N = 326)	117.289	52	.972	.951	.062	[.047, .077]	.021	13664.622	13918.344	13705.824
	G2 (N = 326)	134.155	52	.964	.937	.070	[.055, .084]	.024	13468.446	13722.168	13509.649
	M1	251.740	104	.968	.944	.066	[.056, .076]	.022	27133.068	27733.394	27307.945
	M2	308.919	137	.963	.951	.062	[.053, .071]	.036	27136.215	27588.700	27268.025
	M3	323.128	151	.963	.955	.059	[.050, .068]	.035	27117.022	27506.786	27230.562
	M4	338.412	165	.962	.959	.057	[.048, .065]	.037	27128.451	27455.494	27223.720
Independent samples	M1	236.559	104	.971	.949	.063	[.052, .073]	.022	27137.274	27737.600	27312.151
	M2	290.444	137	.967	.956	.059	[.049, .068]	.037	27135.714	27588.198	27267.524
	M3	306.226	151	.966	.959	.056	[.047, .065]	.040	27119.016	27508.780	27232.555
	M4	313.107	165	.968	.964	.052	[.044, .061]	.037	27117.982	27445.026	27213.251

Notes.

Model fits to the two independent samples data are reported in the main text. Median age = 37.50 of the participants was used for group division (G1 and G2).

M1

configural invariance

M2

metric invariance (weak invariance)

M3

scalar invariance (strong invariance)

M4

item uniqueness invariance (strict invariance)