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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 5.
Published in final edited form as: Anal Chem. 2020 Apr 20;92(9):6654–6666. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00534

Figure 9.

Figure 9.

VBR specificity and speed. (a) Three control experiments: At left is the response of three VBRs prepared with no phage exposed to 500 nM DJ-1. To the right of this is the response of three VBRs prepared with Stop-4 phage that has no displayed peptides on its surface. Finally, at right are shown the results of three VBRs containing DL1 phage (selected for the binding to DJ-1) upon exposure to IL-6, a protein of similar MW (20.9 kDa) and pI (6.2) to DJ-1 (20.7 kDa and pI of 6.7, respectively). (b) Real-time VBR sensing data. Responses for five VBR sensors are shown for DJ-1 exposures of 0 pM (green trace), 10 pM, 30 pM, 100 pM, and 1.0 nM. These traces were obtained by first stabilizing sensors in synthetic urine for 9 min, measuring a RVBR baseline at 0.10 Hz, and then interrupting for 1.0 min while the synthetic urine was replaced with synthetic urine supplemented with DJ-1 at the specified concentration, after which ΔRVBR signal was acquired.