TABLE 1.

Health Literacy Characteristics at Baseline

Instrument	REALM (0–66)	DM-REALM (0–82)	COMP (0–28)	TOFHLA (0–7)	NVS (0–6)
Mean (SE)	32.1 (1.5)	51.3(1.7)	15.3 (0.6)	4.2 (0.2)	1.7 (0.1)
Correlations
DM-REALM	.91***	-
TOFHLA	.68***	.68***	.64***	-
NVS	.47***	.49***	.44***	.60***	-
Demographic
Age, years	−0.09**	−0.11*	−0.10***	−2.4***	−2.6***
Education	0.50***	0.53***	.45***	.29***	0.15*
Gender (male)	0.19**	0.17*	0.04	0.03	0.03
Comfortable living	0.19**	0.17**	0.20**	0.06	0.07
Years in USA	0.22***	0.26***	0.32***	0.22**	0.21**

Note. SE = standard error; REALM = Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine; DM-REALM = diabetes-specific REALM; COMP = comprehension scale; TOFHLA = Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, numeracy items; NVS = Newest Vital Sign, numeracy.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.