Table 2.

Estimates for adjusted growth curve models of the cortisol response to stress predicted by violence exposure and social deprivation

	Dimension of Childhood Adversity
	Violence Exposure			Social Deprivation			Violence Exposure and Social Deprivation
	b	SE	t-value	b	SE	t-value	b	SE	t-value
Intercept	−0.23	0.12	−1.99*	−0.28	0.12	−2.34*	−0.28	0.12	−2.32*
Baseline Cortisol	0.81	0.07	11.58**	0.78	0.07	10.87**	0.78	0.07	10.93**
Time Before Peak	0.005	0.002	2.30*	0.004	0.002	2.17*	0.005	0.002	2.31*
Time After Peak	−0.01	0.002	−3.30**	−0.01	0.002	−3.29**	−0.01	0.002	−2.41**
Violence Exposure	−0.28	0.07	−3.73**	---	---	---	−0.21	0.08	−2.45*
Baseline Cortisol x Violence Exposure	−0.10	0.05	−2.23*	---	---	---	−0.06	0.05	−1.08
Time Before Peak x Violence Exposure	−0.01	0.001	−3.65**	---	---	---	−0.01	0.002	−3.38**
Time After Peak x Violence Exposure	0.003	0.001	2.60**	---	---	---	0.004	0.001	3.04**
Social Deprivation	---	---	---	−0.32	0.09	−3.41**	−0.19	0.11	−1.77
Baseline Cortisol x Social Deprivation	---	---	---	−0.18	0.06	−3.14**	−0.13	0.07	−1.96
Time Before Peak x Social Deprivation	---	---	---	−0.002	0.001	−1.37	8.80x10−5	0.002	0.06
Time After Peak x Social Deprivation	---	---	---	−0.001	0.001	−0.54	−0.002	0.001	−1.68

Note.

^*p < .05

^**p < .01.

Intercept reflects peak activation, Time Before Peak represents cortisol reactivity slope, and Time After Peak represents cortisol recovery slope. Baseline Cortisol is the average of cortisol concentrations at Samples 1 and 2. Violence Exposure and Social Deprivation were composite scores calculated using data from FFCWS at waves 3, 4, and 5 (Hein et al., 2018). Models control for gender, race/ethnicity, age, time since waking, water temperature, seconds of hand immersion during the adolescents’ first attempt, presence of mental or neurological diagnoses, medication use, and mothers’ marital status at time of child’s birth.