Table 9.
Estimated Adjusted ORs and 95% CIs for PTB, LBW, and IUGR Attributable to Maternal Exposure to Pollutants During the Entire Pregnancy by Maternal Educational Attainment in the Cohort Study (Wuhan, China; August 19, 2010–June 9, 2013)a,b
| Pollutant | Below Middle School | Some High School | Some College | Bachelor’s or Higher | P Valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | ||
| PTB | |||||
| PM2.5 | 1.06 (1.03, 1.10) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 0.56 |
| PM10 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.55 |
| SO2 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 0.39 |
| NO2 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.56 |
| CO | 1.23 (1.11, 1.35) | 1.12 (1.06, 1.18) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.24) | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) | 0.76 |
| O3 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 1.06 (1.02, 1.10) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 0.59 |
| LBW | |||||
| PM2.5 | 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.04 |
| PM10 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.08) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.04 |
| SO2 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.06 |
| NO2 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.04 |
| CO | 1.21 (1.08, 1.35) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) | 1.02 (0.84, 1.24) | 0.03 |
| O3 | 1.00 (0.91, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.08) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 0.04 |
| IUGR | |||||
| PM2.5 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.93 (0.89, 0.97) | 0.01 |
| PM10 | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 0.92 (0.84, 1.00) | 0.01 |
| SO2 | 1.06 (1.01, 1.10) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | 0.01 |
| NO2 | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.04) | 0.01 |
| CO | 0.97 (0.90, 1.04) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.96, 1.05) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.01 |
| O3 | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) | 0.01 |
a ORs were estimated based on per 5-μg increase in PM2.5 and PM10, 3-μg increase in NO2 and SO2, 10-μg increase in O3, and 100-μg increase in CO.
b Adjusted for maternal age, maternal educational attainment, maternal occupation, gravidity, parity, infant sex, season of conception, and temperature at conception.
c For the interaction term for the four groups of maternal education attainment.