Figure 4.

Dose–response curve of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) produced as a result of an aerosol exposure. ROS/RNS production is expressed as the fold increase over control cells (probe-treated cells exposed to stimulant-free media); dose is expressed as the mass in the extract (given in μg). Data shown were obtained from Experiment 18 (Table 1) and are means ± standard error of triplicate exposure experiments. The Hill equation was used to fit the dose–response curve and obtain dose–response parameters, which include maximum response, threshold (the dose at which the response is 10% above the baseline), EC₅₀ (the dose at which 50% of the response is attained), the Hill slope (the rate at which the maximum response is attained once there is response), and the area under the dose–response curve (AUC). (Adapted from Tuet et al. 2017a. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.)