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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 2.
Published in final edited form as: Depress Anxiety. 2017 Jan 6;34(3):267–280. doi: 10.1002/da.22593

Table 4.

Effect sizes for pre- to post-treatment change in the PAI and waitlist groups.

Effect Size
Within-groupa
 Between-groupsb
Measure PAI WL
Positive Emotions Composite 1.25 0.57 1.00
   PANAS-PA 1.16 0.50 0.87
   mDES-Positive emotions 1.11 0.56 0.90
Negative Emotions Composite −2.12 −0.41 −1.28
   PANAS-NA −1.91 −0.44 −1.43
   mDES-Negative emotions −1.80 −0.36 −1.12
Psychological Well-Being Composite 1.28 −0.01 1.57
   SWLS 1.15 −0.09 1.73
   QLES-Q 1.13 0.06 1.13
Anxiety Composite −1.23 −0.22 −0.94
   OASIS −1.86 −0.31 −1.01
   STAI-Trait −0.24 −0.02 −0.48
Depression Composite −1.60 −0.21 −1.54
   BDI-II −1.88 −0.23 −1.53
   PHQ-9 −1.29 −0.16 −1.40

Note. PAI = Positive Activity Intervention; WL = Waitlist; PANAS = Positive and Negative Affect Schedule; PA = positive affect; NA = negative affect; mDES = Modified Differential Emotions Scale; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale; Q-LES-Q = Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire; OASIS = Overall Anxiety and Severity and Impairment Scale; STAI = Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory II; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire.

a

Within-group pre- to post-treatment effect sizes = ([post-treatment mean – pre-treatment mean]/[pre-treatment standard deviation + post-treatment standard deviation]/2).

b

Between-group controlled effect sizes = (post-assessment PAI group covariance adjusted mean – post-assessment waitlist group covariance adjusted mean)/pooled standard deviation.