Table 1.

List of exposures assessed during pregnancy

Exposure family	Compound/factor	Unit	Exposure window/categories
Urban exposome
Built environment	Bus lines Bus stops Building density Connectivity density Number of facilities Number of facility types Land use, Shannon's evenness index Population density Walkability index	None; at least one None; at least one Number of stops/km2 m2 with buildings/km2 Number of intersections/ km2 Number of facilities/km2 Number of facility types/km2 Index Inhabitants/km2 Index	100ma, 300 m, 500 m buffera 100 m buffera 300 m, 500 m buffer a 100 ma, 300 m buffer 100 ma, 300 m buffer 300 m buffer 300 m buffer 300 m buffer At pregnancy address At pregnancy address
Atmospheric pollutants	NO2 PM10 mass concentration PM2.5 mass concentration PM2.5 absorbance	µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 10−5/m	T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy
Road traffic noise	Day and night sound pressure level Night sound pressure level	A-weighted dB, tertiles (<55; 55–60; 60–65; >65) A-weighted dB, tertiles (<50; 50–55; 55–60; >60)	At pregnancy address At pregnancy addressa
Meteorological variables	Humidity Land surface temperature from satellite image Pressure Temperature	Percentage °C Bar °C	T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy At pregnancy addressa T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy
Surrounding natural space	Blue space Green space NDVI	Absence; presence Absence; presence Index	300m buffer 300m buffer 100m, 300 ma, 500 m buffera
Road traffic	Inverse distance to nearest road Traffic load of major roads Traffic load of all roads Traffic density on nearest road	m−1 None; at least one Number of vehicles × m of road segments/day Number of vehicles/day	From pregnancy address 100 m buffera 100m buffer From pregnancy address
Water disinfection by-products	Total brominated trihalomethanes Chloroform Total trihalomethanes	µg/l of water µg/l of water µg/l of water	T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy T1a, T2a, T3a, pregnancy
Internal exposome
Metals and essential elements	Arsenic Cadmium Cobalt Caesium Copper Mercury Manganese Molybdenum Lead Thallium	µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood µg/l of blood Undetected; detected in blood	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample
Lifestyle	Alcohol consumption Cereal consumption Dairy products consumption Fast food consumption Fish and seafood consumption Folic acid supplementation Fruit consumption Legume consumption Meat consumption Vegetables consumption Walking and/or cycling activity Exercise or sport activity	No; yes Number of times/week, tertiles (<9.0; 9.0–27.3; >27.3) Number of times/week, tertiles (<17.1; 17.1–27.1; >27.1) Number of times/week, tertiles (<0.25; 0.25–0.83; >0.83) Number of times/week, tertiles (<1.9; 1.9–4.1; >4.1) 0: no; 1: yes Number of times/week, tertiles (<9.6; 9.6–18.2; >18.2) Number of times/week, tertiles (<0.5; 0.5–2.0; >2.0) Number of times/week, tertiles (<6.5; 6.5–10.0; >10.0) Number of times/week, tertiles (<8.8; 8.8–16.5; >16.5) None; sometimes; often; very often Low; medium or high	During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy During pregnancy T1a, T3 T1a, T3
Organochlorine compounds (OCs)	DDE (Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) HCB (Hexachlorobenzene) PCBs (Polychlorinated biphenyls)	ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample PCB118 PCB138 PCB153 PCB170 PCB180a Sum of the PCBs 118, 138, 153, 170 and 180
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)	PBDE47 PBDE153	ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma ng/g of lipids in serum or plasma	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample
Organophosphate (OP) pesticide metabolites	Diethyl dithiophosphate (DEDTP) DEP (Diethyl phosphate) DETP (Diethyl thiophosphate) DMDTP (Dimethyl dithiophosphate) DMP (Dimethyl phosphate) DMTP (Dimethyl thiophosphate)	Detected; undetected in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy samplea Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)	PFHxS (Perfluorohexane sulfonate) PFNA (Perfluorononanoate) PFOA (Perfluorooctanoate) PFOS (Perfluorooctane sulfonate) PFUnDA (Perfluoroundecanoate)	µg/l in serum or plasma or whole blood µg/l in serum or plasma or whole blood µg/l in serum or plasma or whole blood µg/l in serum or plasma or whole blood	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample
Phenols	BPA (Bisphenol A) MEPA (Methyl paraben) ETPA (Ethyl paraben) OXBE (Oxybenzone) PRPA (Propyl paraben) BUPA (N-Butyl paraben) TRCS (Triclosan)	µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample
Phthalate metabolites	Sum of DEHP (Di-ethylhexyl phthalate) metabolites MBzP (Mono benzyl phthalate) MECPP (Mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate) MEHHP (Mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate) MEHP (Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate) MEOHP (Mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate) MEP (Monoethyl phthalate) MiBP (Mono-iso-butyl phthalate) MnBP (Mono-n-butyl phthalate) OHMiNP (Mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate) OXOMiNP (Mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate)	µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine µg/g of creatinine in urine	Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy samplea Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample Spot pregnancy sample

NDVI, Normalized difference vegetation index; NO_2, nitrogen dioxide; PM_2.5, particulate matter in the ambient air with an aerodynamical diameter <2.5 µm; PM₁₀, particulate matter in the ambient air with an aerodynamical diameter <10 µm; T1, averaged over the first trimester of pregnancy; T2, averaged over the second trimester of pregnancy; T3, averaged over the third trimester of pregnancy.

^aThe variable was excluded from the DSA procedure for colinearity reasons, i.e. either another variable was included measuring the same compound/factor estimated over a different time window/buffer, or it displayed an absolute pairwise (Pearson, polyserial or polychoric coefficient, as appropriate) correlation coefficient >0.90 with another variable (PCB180 and MECCPP displayed a high correlation with PCB153 and MEOHP, respectively).