TABLE 5.
Circulating biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk following randomization to almond and control snacks1
| Control,2nmax = 51 | Almonds,2nmax = 54 | Main comparison between groups4 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline3 | Change | Baseline3 | Change | ||
| HOMA-IR | 1.78 ± 1.38 | 0.21 (−0.17, 0.60) | 1.64 ± 0.96 | 0.05 (−0.32, 0.41) | −0.16 (−0.70, 0.37) |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 0.02 (−0.14, 0.17) | 5.3 ± 0.7 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | 0.01 (−0.20, 0.23) |
| Insulin, mIU/L | 7.1 ± 4.3 | 0.70 (−0.68, 2.07) | 6.9 ± 3.5 | 0.08 (−1.24, 1.39) | −0.62 (−2.52, 1.28) |
| NEFA, mmol/L | 0.66 ± 0.24 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | 0.64 ± 0.24 | −0.00 (−0.06, 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.12) |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.26 ± 1.13 | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.20) | 5.40 ± 0.93 | −0.18 (−0.35, −0.02) | −0.21 (−0.45, 0.03) |
| TAG, mmol/L | 1.17 (0.69) | −0.11 (−0.20, 0.01) | 1.07 (0.73) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.02) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.16) |
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | 3.92 ± 1.16 | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.26) | 4.00 ± 0.98 | −0.11 (−0.25, 0.03 | −0.22 (−0.42, −0.01)5 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.63 ± 1.16 | 0.15 (0.01, 0.30) | 3.74 ± 0.91 | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.05) | −0.25 (−0.45, −0.04)5 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.61 ± 0.45 | 0.04 (−0.04, 0.11) | 1.66 ± 0.51 | −0.04 (−0.11, −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.18, 0.03) |
| TC:HDL-C | 3.45 ± 0.91 | −0.04 (−0.15, 0.07) | 3.47 ± 1.01 | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.07) | 0.00 (−0.15, 0.16) |
| Leptin, μg/L | 12.50 (13.41) | −0.34 (−2.08, 1.41) | 17.49 (20.24) | 0.25 (−1.44, 1.94) | 0.59 (−1.86, 3.03) |
| Adiponectin, mg/L | 7.64 (5.96) | −0.16 (−0.76, 0.44) | 7.92 (5.86) | −0.14 (−0.72, 0.44) | 0.02 (−0.82, 0.85) |
| ALT, IU/L | 22.00 (9.8) | −0.46 (−3.52, 2.59) | 22.10 (10.10) | 1.31 (−1.63, 4.25) | 1.77 (−2.47, 6.01) |
| GGT, IU/L | 12.60 (11.80) | −0.77 (−3.58, 2.05) | 15.20 (11.00) | 0.92 (−1.79, 3.63) | 1.69 (−2.22, 5.59) |
| Fetuin A, mg/L | 698.60 ± 132.86 | −2.70 (−37.71, 32.32) | 665.56 ± 136.83 | 15.91 (−18.08, 49.89) | 18.60 (−30.33, 67.53) |
| Resistin, μg/L | 5.25 ± 2.29 | 0.12 (−0.20, 0.44) | 5.04 ± 1.79 | −0.01 (−0.32, 0.30) | −0.13 (−0.57, 0.31) |
1Values of change and main comparisons of the changes between groups are presented as mean (95% CI) generated from estimated marginal means from ANCOVA.
Not all data were analyzed due to technical problems and sample loss. HOMA-IR and glucose: n = 48 (control) and 53 (almond). Insulin, NEFA, TC, TAG, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, HDL-C, TC:HDL-C, ALT, GGT: n = 49 (control) and 53 (almond). Leptin, adiponectin, fetuin-A, and resistin: n = 49 (control) and 52 (almond).
Median (IQR) for TAG, leptin, and GGT data because they are nonnormally distributed. Mean ± SD for other data that are normally distributed. Baseline biomarker values were not different between the 2 groups.
ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline outcome value and baseline BMI (mean difference in change from baseline, almonds minus control); P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference. ANCOVA assumptions were met.
P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference for values of mean difference between 2 groups. ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid; TAG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol.