TABLE 6.
Plasma fatty acid profile following randomization to almond and control snacks1
| Control, n = 48 | Almonds, n = 53 | Main comparison between groups3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FA, µmol/L | Baseline2 | Change | Baseline2 | Change | |
| Palmitic (16:0) | 2334.3 ± 992.4 | −105.6 (−322.3, 111.1) | 2296.8 ± 933.1 | 53.6 (−152.6, 259.9) | 159.2 (−140.1, 458.6) |
| Palmitoleic (16:1) | 300.8 ± 175.8 | −18.2 (−42.1, 5.7) | 282.9 ± 156.7 | −25.1 (−47.9, −2.4) | −7.0 (−40.0, 26.0) |
| Stearic (18:0) | 690.4 ± 268.1 | −24.9 (−76.4, 26.6) | 674.6 ± 241.2 | 5.2 (−43.8, 54.2) | 30.1 (−41.0, 101.2) |
| Oleic (18:1n–9) | 2300.4 ± 1032.1 | −111.3 (−271.1, 48.5) | 2232.9 ± 915.3 | 116.6 (−35.5, 268.7) | 227.9 (7.2, 448.7)4 |
| Linoleic (18:2n–6) | 2873.4 ± 1004.6 | −23.2 (−247.9, 201.6) | 2853.6 ± 810.4 | 107.7 (−124.1, 303.6) | 112.9 (−197.5, 423.3) |
| α-Linolenic (18:3n–3) | 155.9 ± 81.6 | 4.3 (−16.5, 25.1) | 134.6 ± 67.5 | −20.3 (−40.0, −0.6) | −24.6 (−53.4, 4.2) |
| γ-Linolenic (18:3n–6) | 76.1 (76.5) | −9.5 (−21.2, 2.2) | 70.8 (83.3) | −9.5 (−20.6, 1.7) | 0.0 (−16.1, 16.2) |
| Homo-γ-linoleic (20:3n–6) | 141.8 ± 65.3 | −2.8 (−17.1, 11.4) | 136.5 ± 60.0 | 0.9 (−12.7, 14.4) | 3.7 (−16.0, 23.4) |
| Arachidonic (20:4n–6) | 601.5 ± 302.3 | −26.8 (−72.9, 19.4) | 623.3 ± 243.4 | 15.0 (−28.9, 59.0) | 41.8 (−22.0, 105.6) |
| Eicosapentaenoic (20:5n–3) | 101.2 (77.3) | 8.6 (−9.7, 26.9) | 96.1 (81.1) | −11.6 (−29.0, 5.8) | −20.2 (−45.4, 5.1) |
| Docosatetraenoic (22:4n–6) | 31.9 (25.3) | −1.1 (−3.5, 1.3) | 29.0 (28.2) | −2.4 (−4.6, −0.1) | −1.3 (−4.6, 2.0) |
| Docosapentaenoic (22:5n–3) | 47.9 ± 18.9 | −0.4 (−4.3, 3.6) | 47.0 ± 19.9 | −3.6 (−7.4, 0.2) | −3.2 (−8.7, 2.2) |
| Docosapentaenoic (22:5n–6) | 47.2 (59.8) | −0.2 (−4.9, 4.6) | 49.0 (49.4) | 1.3 (−3.3, 5.8) | 1.5 (−5.1, 8.0) |
| Docosahexaenoic (22:6n–3) | 184.9 ± 77.3 | 5.0 (−10.9, 20.9) | 176.8 ± 81.0 | −5.9 (−21.0, 9.2) | −10.9 (−32.8, 11.1) |
| Total plasma FA | 9913.6 ± 3685.5 | −303.4 (−1014.5, 407.7) | 9741.3 ± 3275.5 | 201.4 (−475.2, 878.1) | 504.8 (−477.4, 1487.0) |
1Values of change and main comparisons of changes between groups are presented as mean (95% CI) generated from estimated marginal means from ANCOVA.
Median (IQR) for γ-linolenic (18:3n–6), eicosapentaenoic (20:5n–3), docosatetraenoic (22:4n–6), and docosapentaenoic (22:5n–6) acids data because they are nonnormally distributed. Mean ± SD for other data that are normally distributed. Baseline biomarker values were not different between the 2 groups.
ANCOVA, adjusted for baseline outcome value and baseline BMI (mean difference in change from baseline, almonds minus control); P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference. ANCOVA assumptions were met.
P < 0.05 indicated a significant difference for values of mean difference between 2 groups. FA, fatty acid.