TABLE 2.

Parameter estimates and P values for regression of plasma biomarkers on TMAO, choline, carnitine, and betaine¹

	TMAO		Choline		Carnitine		Betaine
	β (SE)	P	β (SE)	P	β (SE)	P	β (SE)	P
CRP	0.02 (0.05)	0.73	0.28 (0.15)	0.06	0.34 (0.17)	0.04	−0.03 (0.11)	0.81
Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein	0.51 (0.29)	0.08	1.78 (0.81)	0.03	0.92 (0.95)	0.33	1.05 (0.60)	0.08
HOMA-IR	0.08 (0.03)	0.005*	0.16 (0.08)	0.06	0.26 (0.10)	0.01*	−0.34 (0.06)	<0.001*
HDL cholesterol	−1.34 (0.84)	0.11	−14.30 (2.34)	<0.001*	−10.35 (2.62)	<0.001*	0.27 (1.76)	0.88
LDL cholesterol	−1.35 (1.79)	0.45	9.52 (5.06)	0.06	−4.75 (6.19)	0.44	0.57 (3.77)	0.88
TGs	0.01 (0.02)	0.46	0.13 (0.05)	0.005*	0.18 (0.06)	0.001*	−0.17 (0.03)	<0.001*
SBP	0.01 (0.62)	0.98	3.96 (1.74)	0.02	−1.47 (2.08)	0.48	−2.33 (1.30)	0.07
DBP	−0.43 (0.38)	0.25	1.04 (1.06)	0.33	−1.34 (1.26)	0.29	−2.15 (0.79)	0.01*

¹Associations of TMAO, choline, and betaine with biomarkers were assessed in n = 1653 participants, whereas carnitine and biomarker associations were assessed in n = 1371 participants. TMAO, choline, carnitine, betaine, CRP, HOMA-IR, and TGs were log transformed. Parameters derived from multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, race-ethnicity, physical activity, percentage body fat, and aspirin use. *Adjusted P < 0.05 after correcting for the false discovery rate by the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure. CRP, C-reactive protein; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TG, triglyceride; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.