TABLE 2.
Sociodemographic and health factors by highest (Q5) and lowest quintile (Q1) of the DASH for men, and premenopausal and postmenopausal women
| DASH | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 244) | Postmenopausal women1 (n = 507) | Premenopausal women2 (n = 139) | ||||
| Q1 (11–19) | Q5 (28–36) | Q1 (12–19) | Q5 (28–38) | Q1 (12–19) | Q5 (28–37) | |
| Age, y | 56.7 ± 1.2 | 62.1 ± 1.0** | 59.5 ± 0.8 | 63.6 ± 0.6*** | 52.0 ± 0.7 | 54.4 ± 0.8 |
| <8th grade educational level, % | 57.5 | 62.1 | 44.6 | 50.4 | 70.6 | 77.4 |
| Current smoker, % | 40.0 | 19.4 | 24.3 | 11.5 | 41.2 | 6.5** |
| Alcohol consumption, % | ||||||
| None within past year | 50.0 | 43.9 | 59.5 | 58.8 | 47.1 | 41.9 |
| Moderate | 42.5 | 45.5 | 35.1 | 40.5 | 44.1 | 51.6 |
| Heavy | 7.5 | 10.6 | 5.4 | 1.0 | 8.8 | 6.5 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.3 ± 0.9 | 31.3 ± 0.7 | 32.9 ± 0.8 | 32.7 ± 0.6 | 30.8 ± 1.1 | 34.6 ± 1.2 |
| Height, cm | 166 ± 1.1 | 167 ± 0.8 | 155 ± 0.7 | 154 ± 0.5 | 156 ± 1.0 | 157 ± 1.2 |
| Postmenopausal, % | — | — | 100 | 100 | 5.9 | 12.9 |
| Use of estrogen medication, % | — | — | 0 | 0 | 5.9 | 16.1 |
| Use of medication to treat osteoporosis, % | 2.5 | 1.5 | 12.2 | 9.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Total energy, kcal | 2230 ± 131 | 2359 ± 101 | 2184 ± 102 | 1874 ± 76 | 2404 ± 135 | 1891 ± 141 |
| Dietary calcium, mg/d | 775 ± 86 | 1198 ± 66** | 948 ± 70 | 1215 ± 52* | 825 ± 81 | 1179 ± 85* |
| Serum 25-OH vitamin D, ng/mL | 18.3 ± 1.1 | 18.6 ± 0.86 | 19.6 ± 0.90 | 20.6 ± 0.68 | 17.6 ± 1.2 | 21.9 ± 1.2 |
| Bone mineral density, g/cm2 | ||||||
| Trochanter | 0.874 ± 0.024 | 0.907 ± 0.018 | 0.752 ± 0.015 | 0.814 ± 0.011** | 0.849 ± 0.020 | 0.853 ± 0.020 |
| Femoral neck | 0.963 ± 0.024 | 1.00 ± 0.018 | 0.868 ± 0.015 | 0.911 ± 0.011 | 0.983 ± 0.021 | 0.999 ± 0.022 |
| Total hip | 1.05 ± 0.026 | 1.09 ± 0.020 | 0.951 ± 0.017 | 1.01 ± 0.012* | 1.07 ± 0.022 | 1.07 ± 0.022 |
| Lumbar spine | 1.19 ± 0.030 | 1.23 ± 0.023 | 1.09 ± 0.019 | 1.14 ± 0.015 | 1.25 ± 0.028 | 1.23 ± 0.029 |
| Osteoporosis; femoral neck or lumbar spine, % | 12.5 | 5.9 | 17.6 | 5.3* | 5.9 | 0 |
1
Postmenopausal women excluding estrogen users.
2
Premenopausal women, including postmenopausal estrogen users.
ANOVA for continuous and chi-square for categorical variables were used. Means ± SE and frequencies are presented. * P value of <0.05, ** P <0.01, and ***P <0.001 between the lowest and highest quintile of each pattern.
DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.