TABLE 3.

Cross-sectional associations of DASH index z-scores and bone mineral density (g/cm²) for men, and premenopausal and postmenopausal women

	DASH
	Men (n = 244)		Premenopausal women1 (n = 139)		Postmenopausal women2 (n = 507)
	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Trochanter
Unadjusted	0.005 ± 0.009	0.57	0.0007 ± 0.009	0.94	0.021 ± 0.006	<0.001
Model 1	0.003 ± 0.010	0.72	0.004 ± 0.010	0.65	0.027 ± 0.006	<0.001
Model 2	−0.004 ± 0.009	0.70	−0.003 ± 0.002	0.79	0.025 ± 0.005	<0.001
Model 3	−0.004 ± 0.010	0.65	−0.005 ± 0.010	0.69	0.026 ± 0.006	<0.001
Femoral neck
Unadjusted	0.004 ± 0.010	0.68	0.005 ± 0.010	0.62	0.015 ± 0.006	0.01
Model 1	0.007 ± 0.010	0.50	0.010 ± 0.010	0.31	0.022 ± 0.006	<0.001
Model 2	0.001 ± 0.009	0.90	0.005 ± 0.010	0.63	0.021 ± 0.005	<0.001
Model 3	0.006 ± 0.010	0.59	0.009 ± 0.012	0.46	0.022 ± 0.006	<0.001
Total hip
Unadjusted	0.007 ± 0.010	0.51	0.002 ± 0.011	0.83	0.022 ± 0.007	<0.001
Model 1	0.007 ± 0.011	0.52	0.008 ± 0.011	0.49	0.030 ± 0.006	<0.001
Model 2	0.001 ± 0.010	0.90	−0.002 ± 0.01	0.83	0.029 ± 0.006	<0.001
Model 3	−0.001 ± 0.010	0.89	0.001 ± 0.013	0.92	0.029 ± 0.006	<0.001
Lumbar spine
Unadjusted	0.016 ± 0.012	0.17	−0.011 ± 0.013	0.41	0.018 ± 0.007	0.02
Model 1	0.010 ± 0.012	0.41	−0.004 ± 0.013	0.76	0.024 ± 0.007	0.001
Model 2	0.003 ± 0.012	0.78	−0.010 ± 0.013	0.46	0.022 ± 0.007	0.002
Model 3	0.003 ± 0.013	0.80	0.007 ± 0.016	0.67	0.025 ± 0.007	0.001

¹Premenopausal women, including postmenopausal estrogen users.

²Postmenopausal women, excluding estrogen users.

Multivariable linear regression models were used. Unadjusted model includes the dietary quality index only. Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 plus BMI and height. Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 plus smoking status, season of bone mineral density measurement (fall, winter, spring, summer), osteoporosis medication use (yes/no), and calcium intake (mg/d), total energy intake, alcohol consumption, serum vitamin D status (mg/dL).

DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.