TABLE 1.
Combined participant characteristics (Health ABC, MESA, Framingham Offspring), according to circulating phylloquinone at baseline1
| ≤0.5 nmol/L (n = 1081) | >0.5–1.0 nmol/L (n = 1112) | >1.0 nmol/L (n = 1698) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age,2 y | 65 ± 11 | 66 ± 11 | 64 ± 10 |
| Female,3n (%) | 631 (58) | 616 (55) | 907 (53) |
| Nonwhite,3n (%) | 431 (40) | 357 (32) | 583 (34) |
| Non-Hispanic ethnicity,2n (%) | 918 (85) | 1007 (91) | 1513 (89) |
| BMI,3 kg/m2, n (%) | |||
| ≥30.0 | 302 (28) | 306 (27) | 509 (30) |
| 25–29.9 | 426 (39) | 441 (40) | 733 (43) |
| <24.9 | 353 (33) | 365 (33) | 452 (27) |
| Framingham Risk Score,3n (%) | |||
| >20% | 385 (36) | 467 (42) | 711 (42) |
| >10–20% | 297 (27) | 279 (25) | 447 (26) |
| ≤10% | 399 (37) | 364 (33) | 536 (32) |
| Hypertension medication use,3n (%) | 369 (34) | 429 (39) | 691 (41) |
| Systolic blood pressure,3 mmHg | 128 ± 20 | 130 ± 20 | 130 ± 20 |
| Diabetes medication use, n (%) | 82 (8) | 90 (8) | 132 (8) |
| Fasting glucose,3 mg/dL | 99 ± 26 | 100 ± 24 | 102 ± 26 |
| LDL cholesterol,2 mg/dL | 119 ± 32 | 123 ± 34 | 124 ± 34 |
| Triglycerides,2 mg/dL | 110 ± 49 | 122 ± 60 | 157 ± 97 |
| Hyperlipidemia,3,4n (%) | 508 (50) | 609 (58) | 1008 (65) |
| Anti-inflammatory medication use,2n (%) | 292 (27) | 322 (29) | 390 (23) |
| CRP,2 mg/dL | 5.6 ± 12.5 | 4.6 ± 7.9 | 4.2 ± 7.2 |
| eGFR <60 mL · min−1 · 1.73 m-2, n (%) | 387 (36) | 440 (40) | 625 (37) |
| Cohort,2n (%) | |||
| Health ABC | 387 (36) | 477 (43) | 520 (30) |
| MESA | 254 (23) | 144 (13) | 381 (22) |
| Framingham Offspring | 440 (41) | 491 (44) | 797 (47) |
| Current smoker,2n (%) | 190 (18) | 110 (10) | 178 (11) |
| Alcohol intake,2 drinks/wk, n (%) | |||
| >7 | 153 (14) | 186 (17) | 334 (20) |
| 1–7 | 292 (27) | 312 (28) | 499 (30) |
| <1 | 630 (59) | 606 (55) | 852 (50) |
| β-Carotene intake,2 µg/d | 3798 ± 2882 | 4044 ± 3152 | 4325 ± 3081 |
| Phylloquinone intake,2 µg/d | 114 ± 110 | 120 ± 93 | 135 ± 112 |
| Energy intake, kcal/d | 1828 ± 727 | 1841 ± 755 | 1776 ± 707 |
| Physical activity, min/wk | 241 ± 355 | 219 ± 328 | 244 ± 351 |
1
Data are presented as n (%) or mean ± SD. CRP, C-reactive protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; Health ABC, Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
2
Overall difference across groups P ≤ 0.001, based on 1-factor ANOVA for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.
3
Overall difference across groups P < 0.05 (but >0.001), based on 1-factor ANOVA for continuous variables or chi-square test for categorical variables.
4
Defined as being treated for hyperlipidemia or having total cholesterol >200 mg/dL or triglycerides >150 mg/dL.