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. 2020 Feb 28;111(6):1235–1243. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa027

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Associations between fruit and vegetable density and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be (n = 7252). (A) Adjusted differences in risk (95% CIs) of preterm birth, SGA birth, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia between total fruit intake relative to energy ≥80th percentile (≥1.2 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 1514) compared with <80th percentile (n = 6058) and (B) total vegetable intake relative to energy ≥80th percentile (≥1.3 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 1514) compared with <80th percentile (n = 6058). Point estimates in black were generated from multivariable logistic regression. Point estimates in gray were generated from Super Learner with targeted maximum likelihood estimation. All models were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, smoking status, prepregnancy BMI, insurance, and usual dietary intake of whole grains, dairy products, total protein foods, seafood and plant proteins, fatty acids, refined grains, sodium, and “empty” calories. SGA, small-for-gestational-age.