TABLE 2.

Characteristics of 7572 deliveries in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be according to usual daily fruit and vegetable densities relative to energy intake in the periconceptional period¹

	Total fruit density		Total vegetable density
	<80th percentile (<1.2 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 6058)	≥80th percentile (≥1.2 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 1514)	<80th percentile (<1.2 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 6058)	≥80th percentile (≥1.2 cups/1000 kcal) (n = 1514)
Maternal age, y
<25	34	26	37	13
25‒34	57	63	55	72
≥35	9	11	8	15
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white	64	65	61	77
Non-Hispanic black	12	9	13	3
Hispanic	16	18	18	11
Other	9	9	9	9
Maternal education
High school or less	19	11	20	6
Some college	19	15	20	10
College graduate	39	43	39	43
Graduate degree	24	30	21	41
Prepregnancy BMI
Underweight	4	4	4	3
Normal weight	55	62	55	62
Overweight	22	19	22	22
Obese	19	15	19	13
Smoking status
Nonsmoker	82	91	82	89
Smoker	18	9	18	11
Marital status
Not married	38	27	41	17
Married	62	73	59	83
Insurance at delivery
Private	75	81	72	90
Public	25	19	28	10
Total fruit, cups/1000 kcal	0.63 ± 0.30	1.7 ± 0.44	0.77 ± 0.50	1.1 ± 0.58
Total vegetables, cups/1000 kcal	0.88 ± 0.48	1.2 ± 0.63	0.73 ± 0.27	1.8 ± 0.51
Dairy, cups/1000 kcal	0.88 ± 0.47	0.88 ± 0.50	0.89 ± 0.49	0.82 ± 0.41
Total protein foods, oz/1000 kcal	2.4 ± 0.76	2.2 ± 0.80	2.4 ± 0.74	2.5 ± 0.85
Seafood and plant proteins, oz/1000 kcal	0.83 ± 0.57	0.97 ± 0.64	0.79 ± 0.54	1.2 ± 0.70
Fatty acids2	1.4 ± 1.1	1.7 ± 1.13	1.4 ± 1.2	1.7 ± 0.90
Refined grains, oz/1000 kcal	2.3 ± 0.73	1.9 ± 0.64	2.3 ± 0.73	1.9 ± 0.67
Whole grains, oz/1000 kcal	0.62 ± 0.44	0.68 ± 0.44	0.62 ± 0.44	0.68 ± 0.43
Sodium, g/1000 kcal	1.6 ± 0.26	1.5 ± 0.26	1.6 ± 0.24	1.8 ± 0.25
Empty calories, % of energy	33 ± 8.6	27 ± 6.7	33 ± 8.4	26 ± 6.1

¹Values are means ± SDs or percentages. One cup is equivalent to 237 mL; 1 oz is equivalent to 30 mL.

²Ratio of PUFAs and MUFAs to SFAs.