TABLE 4.

Association between fruit and vegetable density and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the Nulliparous Pregnancy Outcomes Study: monitoring mothers-to-be¹

	Multivariable logistic regression	Super Learner with targeted maximum likelihood estimation
Dietary exposure	Adjusted2 number of excess cases (95% CI)	Adjusted2 number of excess cases (95% CI)
Preterm birth
Total fruit density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	−0.67 (−2.4, 1.0)	−4.0 (−4.9, −3.0)
Total vegetable density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	0.34 (−1.6, 2.3)	−3.7 (−5.0, −2.3)
Small-for-gestational age birth
Total fruit density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	−0.50 (−2.5, 1.5)	−1.7 (−2.9, −0.51)
Total vegetable density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	0.31 (−2.0, 2.6)	−3.8 (−5.0, −2.5)
Gestational diabetes
Total fruit density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	0.42 (−1.1, 1.9)	−0.26 (−1.1, 0.53)
Total vegetable density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	−0.23 (−1.7, 1.2)	0.90 (−0.23, 2.0)
Pre-eclampsia
Total fruit density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	−1.1 (−2.9, 0.60)	−3.2 (−4.2, −2.2)
Total vegetable density
<80th percentile	Referent	Referent
≥80th percentile	−1.4 (−3.3, 0.46)	−4.0 (−5.2, −2.7)

¹ n = 7252. The 80th percentiles are 1.2 cups fruit/1000 kcal and 1.3 cups vegetables/1000 kcal. One cup is equivalent to 237 mL.

²Adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, marital status, smoking status, prepregnancy BMI, insurance, and usual dietary intake of whole grains, dairy products, total protein foods, seafood and plant proteins, fatty acids, refined grains, sodium, and percentage of total calories that are “empty” calories.