Table 3.

Mixed effects linear regression models of psychological distress: Welfare, children, families project, Waves 1–3.

	Model A	Model B	Model C
Variables	b (SE)	b (SE)	b (SE)
Fixed Effects
Between-mother constant (initial status)	1.536*** (0.021)	1.632*** (0.024)	1.862*** (0.089)
Safety Net Configuration (no support as reference)
Public support only			0.119* (0.055)
Private support only			−0.268*** (0.054)
Both public and private support			−0.177*** (0.052)
Time-Invariant Covariates
Race and ethnicity (Non-Hispanic White as reference)
Non-Hispanic Black			−0.240*** (0.071)
Hispanic			−0.139* (0.070)
Mother’s age (mean centered)			−0.008** (0.003)
Child age			0.020*** (0.005)
Mother received welfare as a child			0.178*** (0.040)
Time-varying Covariates
Married			−0.036 (0.041)
Mother has a HS diploma/GED			−0.028 (0.037)
Employed			−0.131*** (0.031)
Percent of poverty level			−0.052* (0.023)
Level of financial strain			−0.350*** (0.021)
Within-mother constant (rate of change)		−0.003*** (0.000)	−0.003*** (0.0004)
Random Effects
Variance Components
Variance: initial status	0.612*** (0.029)	0.711*** (0.041)	0.543*** (0.036)
Variance: annual change	0.663*** (0.017)	0.553** (0.019)	0.557*** (0.020)
Covariance		−0.002* (0.019)	−0.002*** (0.001)
Model Statistics
Rho	0.480	0.562	0.494
Goodness-of-fit
Deviance	14640.50	14533.47	14033.67
AIC	14646.50	14545.47	14071.67
BIC	14666.09	14584.65	14195.72

N = 1987; 4,791 observations

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001