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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Autoimmun. 2020 Mar 24;111:102436. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102436

Table 1.

Representative fold changes of serum metabolites in male and female homozygous ARE-Del mice compared to wild-type mice. Significant fold changes are marked by red and green colors (p<0.05). All KO; combined male and female homozygous ARE-Del mice (n=12) vs control littermates (n=12), KO F; female homozygous ARE-Del mice (n=6) vs control littermates (n=6), KO M; male homozygous ARE-Del mice (n=6) vs control littermates (n=6).

SUPER PATHWAY SUB PATHWAY BIOCHEMICAL ALL KO / KO F / KO M /
Amino acid Alanine and aspartate metabolism 3-ureidopropionate 1.12 1.11 1.13
Butanoate metabolism 2-aminobutyrate 0.89 0.77 1.08
Cysteine, methionine, SAM, taurine metabolism 2-hydroxybutyrate (AHB) 0.85 0.77 0.99
methionine 1.48 1.85 1.20
N-acetylmethionine 1.41 1.64 1.20
glutamine 0.85 0.88 0.81
Glutamate metabolism N-acetylglutamine 0.77 0.98 0.64
beta-hydroxypyruvate 0.86 1.22 0.61
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism betaine 0.95 0.88 1.03
glycine 1.10 1.09 1.11
N-acetylglycine 0.68 0.47 0.95
Guanidino and acetamido metabolism 4-guanidinobutanoate 1.46 1.67 1.28
Histidine metabolism histidine 0.89 0.97 0.82
urocanate 0.69 0.54 1.01
Lysine metabolism lysine 0.76 0.73 0.79
N6-acetyllysine 1.23 1.30 1.16
pipecolate 0.88 1.06 0.76
Phenylalanine & tyrosine metabolism 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)lactate 1.37 1.44 1.27
4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate 1.49 1.75 1.21
N-acetylphenylalanine 1.32 1.55 1.06
N-acetyltyrosine 1.38 1.84 0.99
p-cresol sulfate 0.25 0.41 0.08
phenylalanine 1.07 1.20 0.95
phenyllactate (PLA) 1.71 1.83 1.60
tyrosine 1.20 1.39 1.03
Polyamine metabolism 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA) 1.31 1.33 1.29
Tryptophan metabolism 3-indoxyl sulfate 1.07 1.09 1.04
indolelactate 1.39 1.41 1.36
kynurenine 3.31 2.55 5.07
N-acetyltryptophan 0.78 0.91 0.62
serotonin (5HT) 0.55 0.44 0.71
tryptophan 0.78 0.80 0.75
Urea cycle; arginine-, proline-, metabolism citrulline 1.29 1.35 1.23
dimethylglycine 1.27 1.22 1.35
homocitrulline 1.52 1.22 1.88
homostachydrine* 0.81 0.79 0.82
proline 1.50 1.73 1.30
urea 1.29 1.54 1.08
Valine, leucine and isoleucine metabolism 2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate 0.96 1.30 0.83
2-methylbutyroylcarnitine 1.34 1.23 1.47
3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate 0.74 0.69 0.80
3-methyl-2-oxovalerate 0.61 0.57 0.65
4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate 0.62 0.63 0.61
alpha-hydroxyisovalerate 0.99 1.31 0.90
butyrylcarnitine 1.46 1.57 1.31
hydroxyisovaleroyl carnitine 1.20 1.18 1.24
isobutyrylcarnitine 1.97 2.33 1.66
isoleucine 0.87 0.92 0.81
isovalerylcarnitine 1.62 1.89 1.35
propionylcarnitine 1.74 2.11 1.42
Aminosugars metabolism erythronate* 1.16 1.27 1.07
Peptide DiPeptide alanylalanine 0.71 0.80 0.66
gamma-glutamylvaline 0.95 1.03 0.90
Dipeptide derivative anserine 1.53 1.77 1.42
g-glutamyl gamma-glutamylglutamate 1.39 1.17 1.60
gamma-glutamylmethionine* 1.66 1.93 1.49
gamma-glutamylphenylalanine 1.54 1.64 1.45
gamma-glutamylthreonine* 1.14 1.12 1.16
gamma-glutamyltryptophan 1.31 1.21 1.45
gamma-glutamyltyrosine 1.58 1.65 1.52
Nucleotide Purine metabolism, (hypo)xanthine/inosine containing inosine 0.32 0.52 0.28
Purine metabolism, adenine containing 1-methyladenosine 0.98 0.93 1.05
adenosine 0.36 0.20 0.37
adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP) 0.39 0.96 0.38
Purine metabolism, guanine containing guanosine 0.99 1.00 0.99
guanosine 5’- monophosphate (GMP) 0.86 1.00 0.84
Purine metabolism, urate metabolism allantoin 1.23 1.25 1.22
urate 1.33 1.26 1.40
Pyrimidine metabolism, cytidine containing 2’-deoxycytidine 1.43 1.39 1.48
cytidine 0.67 0.67 0.67
Pyrimidine metabolism, thymine containing thymidine 1.44 1.42 1.48
Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing 5,6-dihydrouracil 1.72 2.28 1.33
pseudouridine 1.25 1.17 1.35
uridine 0.55 0.59 0.52
Carbohydrate Fructose, mannose, galactose, starch, and sucrose metabolism fructose 0.82 0.72 0.92
mannose 0.72 0.66 0.79
Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) 0.56 0.61 0.52
glucose 0.82 0.86 0.79
glycerate 1.33 1.08 1.58
Nucleotide sugars, pentose metabolism arabitol 1.24 1.20 1.27
ribitol 1.49 1.75 1.25
ribulose 1.75 2.40 0.89
Lipid Bile acid metabolism 12-dehydrocholate 2.84 2.15 5.60
beta-muricholate 2.81 2.52 3.80
cholate 19.28 17.52 26.94
deoxycholate 5.06 4.46 5.89
tauro-beta-muricholate 30.85 36.17 12.80
taurochenodeoxycholate 35.96 45.42 15.23
taurocholate 28.37 32.98 17.20
taurodeoxycholate 11.80 13.31 8.39
Carnitine metabolism 3-dehydrocarnitine* 1.09 1.04 1.17
acetylcarnitine 0.90 0.80 1.04
carnitine 0.92 0.88 0.96
deoxycarnitine 1.12 1.07 1.20
hexanoylcarnitine 0.95 0.72 1.41
oleoylcarnitine 1.05 0.98 1.28
Essential fatty acid dihomo-linolenate (20:3n3 or n6) 0.69 0.80 0.63
docosahexaenoate (DHA; 22:6n3) 0.74 0.69 0.80
docosapentaenoate (n3 DPA; 22:5n3) 0.54 0.57 0.50
eicosapentaenoate (EPA; 20:5n3) 0.78 0.89 0.68
linolenate [alpha or gamma; (18:3n3 or 6)] 0.75 0.70 0.80
Fatty acid, beta-oxidation hexanoylglycine 0.54 0.19 0.98
Fatty acid, dicarboxylate adipate 0.89 1.05 0.79
azelate (nonanedioate) 0.89 0.86 0.91
sebacate (decanedioate) 0.90 0.87 0.93
suberate (octanedioate) 1.02 1.01 1.02
undecanedioate 0.92 0.89 0.94
Fatty acid, methyl ester methyl palmitate 0.99 0.96 1.01
Glycerolipid metabolism glycerol 0.77 0.71 0.83
glycerophosphorylcholine (GPC) 0.78 0.78 0.78
Inositol metabolism inositol 1-phosphate (I1P) 0.79 0.90 0.72
myo-inositol 1.12 1.18 1.07
Ketone bodies 3-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) 0.24 0.16 0.67
Long chain fatty acid 10-heptadecenoate (17:1n7) 0.71 0.68 0.74
10-nonadecenoate (19:1n9) 0.57 0.51 0.65
dihomo-linoleate (20:2n6) 0.75 0.67 0.85
dodecanedioate 0.91 0.89 0.92
eicosenoate (20:1n9 or 11) 0.74 0.73 0.75
linoleate (18:2n6) 0.82 0.78 0.86
myristate (14:0) 0.60 0.54 0.66
myristoleate (14:1n5) 0.45 0.32 0.62
oleate (18:1n9) 0.67 0.60 0.76
palmitate (16:0) 0.80 0.80 0.81
palmitoleate (16:1n7) 0.52 0.45 0.58
stearate (18:0) 0.87 0.84 0.92
Lysolipid 1-arachidonoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.74 0.77 0.70
1-arachidoylglycerophosphocholine 0.94 1.46 0.74
1-docosahexaenoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.80 0.85 0.73
1-eicosatrienoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.63 0.78 0.49
1-heptadecanoylglycerophosphocholine 0.87 0.85 0.95
1-linoleoylglycerophosphoinositol* 1.48 1.80 1.24
1-myristoylglycerophosphocholine 0.86 0.94 0.73
1-oleoylglycerophosphate 0.96 1.03 0.92
1-palmitoylglycerophosphate 0.90 0.93 0.88
1-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine 0.83 0.90 0.76
1-palmitoylglycerophosphoinositol* 1.03 0.80 1.16
1-stearoylglycerophosphocholine 0.82 0.88 0.74
2-linoleoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.89 1.03 0.70
2-palmitoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.75 0.92 0.57
2-stearoylglycerophosphocholine* 0.76 0.78 0.70
Medium chain fatty acid laurate (12:0) 1.03 0.90 1.25
pelargonate (9:0) 0.98 0.98 0.99
Monoacylglycerol 1-stearoylglycerol (1-monostearin) 1.00 1.16 0.88
Sterol/Steroid 7-alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoate (7-Hoca) 1.12 1.13 1.09
campesterol 0.68 1.20 0.39
cholesterol 0.99 1.07 0.95
corticosterone 1.87 1.94 1.72
Energy Krebs cycle alpha-ketoglutarate 0.55 0.66 0.46
cis-aconitate 1.21 1.15 1.28
citrate 1.31 1.21 1.43
succinate 1.04 1.31 0.83
Oxidative phosphorylation phosphate 0.70 0.72 0.67
pyrophosphate (PPi) 0.49 0.56 0.35
Cofactors and vitamins Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism ascorbate (Vitamin C) 0.56 0.80 0.37
gulono-1,4-lactone 1.10 0.99 1.16
threonate 1.00 0.90 1.11
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism nicotinamide 0.55 0.63 0.46
trigonelline (N’-methylnicotinate) 1.30 1.31 1.30
Pantothenate and CoA metabolism pantothenate 1.07 1.20 0.91
Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism 4-ethylphenylsulfate 0.51 1.03 0.03
4-vinylphenol sulfate 2.42 3.31 1.73
catechol sulfate 1.57 2.21 1.11
Chemical methyl-alpha-glucopyranoside 0.30 0.24 0.33
Food component/Plant daidzein 3.26 3.37 3.21
Sugar, sugar substitute, starch erythritol 1.16 1.24 1.11