Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study cohort and comparisons between patients in the intrathecal morphine group and control group
| Characteristics | All patients (n = 36) | Intrathecal morphine (n = 18) | Control (n = 18) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient sex | 0.500 | |||
| Male | 15 (41.7%) | 9 (50.0%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
| Female | 21 (58.3%) | 9 (50.0%) | 12 (66.7%) | |
| Patient age (years) | 58 (54–67) | 56 (47–62) | 63 (58–68) | 0.012 |
| Weight (kg) | 75 (64–87) | 77 (62–92) | 72 (65–86) | 0.937 |
| Height (cm) | 167 (164–176) | 169 (164–177) | 165 (162–175) | 0.518 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 (23.3–29.2) | 26.1 (22.5–29.0) | 25.9 (24.0–31.3) | 0.773 |
| Indication for resection | 0.054 | |||
| Colorectal metastases | 14 (38.9%) | 8 (44.4%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
| Primary malignancies | 10 (27.7%) | 2 (11.1%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
| Extrahepatic biliary and gallbladder malignancies | 5 (13.9%) | 2 (11.1%) | 3 (16.7%) | |
| Other | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (33.3%) | 1 (5.6%) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (5.6%) | 2 (11.1%) | >0.999 |
| Arterial hypertension | 15 (41.7%) | 6 (33.3%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.500 |
| COPD | 1 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (5.6%) | >0.999 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| WBC (103/mm3) | 6.7 (5.4–8.0) | 6.1 (5.3–7.4) | 6.8 (5.8–8.0) | 0.207 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.1 (12.0–13.8) | 13.3 (12.4–13.7) | 13.1 (12.0–13.8) | 0.481 |
| Platelets (103/mm3) | 228 (191–269) | 225 (177–251) | 233 (201–313) | 0.389 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.4 (0.4–0.7) | 0.293 |
| INR | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 0.912 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 4.4 (4.1–4.5) | 4.4 (4.2–4.6) | 0.542 |
| ASA score | 0.064 | |||
| I | 13 (36.1%) | 9 (50.0%) | 4 (22.2%) | |
| II | 16 (44.4%) | 8 (44.4%) | 8 (44.4%) | |
| III | 7 (19.4%) | 1 (5.5%) | 6 (33.3%) | |
| Major liver resection | 19 (52.8%) | 7 (38.9%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.181 |
| Duration of surgery (min) | 208 (150–263) | 235 (155–275) | 190 (150–250) | 0.606 |
| Duration of anesthesia (min) | 250 (195–315) | 275 (190–335) | 225 (200–290) | 0.601 |
| Blood loss (mL) | 300 (200–450) | 300 (200–400) | 350 (200–500) | 0.606 |
| Total intraoperative fluid administration (L) | 2.6 (2.3–3.1) | 2.5 (2.3–3.0) | 2.7 (2.3–3.2) | 0.839 |
| Total intraoperative remifentanil dose (mg) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.5 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 0.279 |
Data are presented as medians with interquartile ranges or numbers with percentages. A comparison of continuous variables was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test or t test, depending on their distribution
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, WBC white blood count, INR international normalized ratio, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists