TABLE 4.

Current and emerging environmental constraints (E) to wheat production in Mediterranean semi-arid environments and the corresponding genotype (G) and management (M) advantages offered by winter wheat cultivars.

Environmental constraint (E)	Genotypic advantage of winter wheat (G)	Management strategies to maximize winter wheat yield advantage (M)
Low water-limited potential yield	Increased biomass Increased rooting depth	Early sowing
Few establishment opportunities in autumn		Deep sowing Long fallow
Reproductive frost risk	Winter hardiness
Narrow optimal flowering period	Stable flowering time Winter hardiness	Early sowing
Increasing business costs and production risk	Stable flowering time	Grazing Whole-farm timeliness