Table 3.

Characteristics and findings of health engagement studies.

Study and subtype	Purpose	Method	Main findings	Definition and components
(Bright et al., 2015); patient	Analyze concept	Systematic review	Conceptualization of engagement as a process and state	New (process and state); collaboration, contribution, active participation, emotional investment
(Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2009); persons with dementia	Analyze concept + new theoretical framework + test measure	Discuss literature + Quant.	Most important dimensions of engagement found	Unclear; refusal, attention, time, attitude, manipulating, holding
(Cohen-Mansfield et al., 2017); persons with dementia	Analyze concept + new theoretical framework + test measure	Discuss literature + Quant	Good psychometric properties of scale	Existing; attendance, attitude, active participation, asleep, group size, positive and negative interactions among group members
(Graffigna and Barello, 2018); patient	Discuss Patient Health Engagement (PHE) model and scale	Discuss literature	Process model seems valuable	Existing (process)
(Higgins et al., 2017); patient	Analyze and define concept	Systematic review	Four defining attributes	New (process); personalization, access, commitment, therapeutic alliance
(Macgowan, 2006); group	Discuss Group Engagement Measure (GEM)	Discuss literature	Multidimensional construct; good psychometric properties	Existing; attendance, individual participation, relating to worker and other members, contracting, working on own and other group members' problems
(McAllister, 2002); genetic testing	Explain behavior around predictive genetic testing (PGT)	Qual.	Engagement can explain variations in approaches and reactions to PGT	New; cognitive, individual participation
(Norris et al., 2017); stakeholder	Stakeholder perspective of concept	Qual.	Three main themes/attributes	New; individual participation, connecting around a purpose, meaningful interaction and dialog
(Pullmann et al., 2013); treatment	Analyze concept	Qual.	New definition	New; conduct, attitudes, relationships, empowerment, social context
(Staudt, 2007); treatment	Analyze concept and consequences	Discuss literature	More insight in the behavioral and attitudinal aspects	Existing; behavioral, attitudinal
(Yasui et al., 2017); mental health services	Analyze the role of culture in concept and measures	Systematic review	Limitations of current tools for minorities + new culturally infused model	Existing (process)