Table 4.
Characteristics and findings of societal engagement studies.
| Study and subtype | Purpose | Method | Main findings | Definition and components |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Arvanitidis, 2017); civic | Analyze concept and antecedents | Discuss literature + quant. | Antecedents found | Existing; civic activities, electoral activities, political voice |
| (Cortés-Cediel et al., 2018); citizen | Present a process model | Discuss literature | Life cycle model different phases of engagement | New (process); intrinsic to the subject, intrinsic to the system, subjects' extrinsic motivations |
| (Eder et al., 2018); community | Stakeholder perspective of concept | Quant. | Different definitions used, but similar indicators and measures | None chosen (process) |
| (Halpin and Fraussen, 2017); policy | Analyze concept | Discuss literature | Identified forms of engagement | Unclear; involvement, access, prominence |
| (Kemp, 2015); arts | Analyze concept + develop measure | Discuss literature + quant. | Scale validated; antecedents and consequences | New; affective, cognitive, behavioral, social, connection |
| (Nguyen et al., 2016); community crowdsourcing | Propose behavioral perspective on definition and measurement | Discuss literature | Illustrate utility of the Participant Engagement Index | New; Activity, intensity, diversity, recency |
| (Nicotera et al., 2010); civic | Develop and validate scale for new target group (preadolescents) | Quant. | Components confirmed and specified | New; foundation for civic ethics, community connection |
| (Pontes et al., 2018); political | Stakeholder perspective of concept | Discuss literature + qual. | New definition; example actions and behaviors | New; cognitive, emotional |
| (Sallnow and Paul, 2015); community | Apply concept to specific topic; present model and definition | Discuss literature | New model with types of engagement | New (process): inform, consult, co-production, collaborate, empower |
| (Taylor and Kent, 2014); dialogic | Analyze concept within dialogue theory | Discuss literature | New definition and conceptualization, fitting in dialogue theory | New; individual participation, relational purpose, advice, contribute |