Table 6.

Characteristics and findings of user engagement studies.

Study and subtype	Purpose	Method	Main findings	Definition and components
(Bouvier et al., 2014); digital gaming	Analyze concept + characterize behavior	Discuss literature	Define related concepts + characterize engaged behaviors	New; emotion, affect, thought
(Doherty and Doherty, 2018); user	Analyze concept + antecedents, consequences and measurements	Systematic review	Interpretation and measurement of engagement should be based on the context	None chosen
(Drejing et al., 2015); user	Propose definition and framework	Discuss literature	New framework and definition + propose way to measure it	New; behavior
(Kappelman and McLean, 1994); user	Analyze concept	Discuss literature	Identify four types of engagement	Unclear; participation, involvement
(Ke et al., 2016); game-based learning	Analyze concept + its development	Discuss literature + Qual.	New definition	New (process); affect, cognition, content, gameplay relevance
(O'Brien and Toms, 2008); user	Analyze concept + propose definition and operationalization	Discuss literature + qual.	New process and attributes of engagement	New (process and state); interest, motivation, affect, attention, challenge, feedback, aesthetics and sensory appeal, awareness, novelty, perceived control, perceived time, interactivity
(Perski et al., 2017); digital behavior change interventions	Analyze concept + develop framework	Systematic review	New definition + antecedents and consequences	New; behavior, attention, interest, affect
(Phillips et al., 2014); game-based learning	Expand definition and measurement of concept	Qual. + quant.	Highlight the importance of components	Existing; behavior, cognition, affect