TABLE 1.
Demographic characteristics and performances on executive functions tests.
|
Young (n = 21) |
Old HPs (n = 21) |
Old LPs (n = 20) |
|||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | |
| Demographic data | |||||||
| Age (years) | 22.95 | 3.58 | 68.52 | 5.56 | 68.45 | 6.24 | |
| Sex (women/men) | 11/10 | – | 11/10 | – | 10/10 | – | |
| MMSE | – | – | 29.14 | 0.65 | 27.45 | 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety-state (STAI-S) | 30.90 | 7.92 | 26.53 | 4.57 | 26.94 | 5.36 | 0.063 |
| Anxiety-trait (STAI-T) | 40.67 | 7.19 | 39.82 | 6.00 | 31.17 | 5.60 | <0.001 |
| Depression (BDI/GDS) | 3.67 | 4.73 | 2.12 | 1.65 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 0.07 |
| FPQ | 57.86 | 11.85 | 48.25 | 15.11 | 41.16 | 12.46 | <0.001 |
| PSC | 19.00 | 10.45 | 16.28 | 11.55 | 9.95 | 9.11 | 0.026 |
| Executive functions | |||||||
| FAB (Z score) | – | – | 0.68 | 0.15 | −1.33 | 0.11 | <0.001 |
| DSB (Z score) | – | – | −0.42 | 0.42 | −0.83 | 0.57 | 0.049 |
| Letter fluency (Z score) | – | – | 0.75 | 1.06 | −1.10 | 1.12 | <0.001 |
| TMT B-A (Z score) | – | – | 0.73 | 0.16 | −0.21 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Stroop (Z score) | – | – | 0.53 | 0.41 | −0.04 | 0.51 | 0.052 |
| Frontal composite score | – | – | 0.45 | 0.31 | −0.70 | 0.51 | <0.001 |
SD, Standard Deviation; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory for younger participants; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale for older participants; FPQ, Fear of Pain Questionnaire; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale. FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; DSB, Digit Span Backward; TMT, Trail Making Test.