Table 1.
Cytokines in blood of individuals with MERS, SARS, or COVID-19.
| Sample size | Levels | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MERS | |||
| IL-6 |
n = 9 severe vs. n = 8 mild n = 9 severe/fatal vs. n = 5 mild/moderate n = 24/30 infected |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
(40) (41) (42) |
| TNF-α | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | ↑ | (43) |
| IL-10 | n = 9 severe/fatal vs. n = 5 mild/moderate | ↑ | (41) |
| INF-γ | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | ↑ | (43) |
| IFN-α | n = 9 severe vs. n = 8 mild | ↑ | (40) |
| IL-2 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | − | (43) |
| IL-12 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | − | (43) |
| IL-13 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | − | (43) |
| IL-4 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | − | (43) |
| IL-15 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | ↑ | (43) |
| IL-17 | n = 7 infected vs. n = 13 healthy | ↑ | (43) |
| SARS | |||
| IL-6 |
n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 20/20 infected n = 30 severe > n = 30 mild/moderate > n = 30 convalescent/n = 20 healthy n = 14/14 infected n = 23 infected vs. n = 25 healthy n = 88 infected vs. n = 10 healthy n = 61 infection initial stage vs. n = 44 healthy |
↑ ↑ ↑ − ↑ ↑ − |
(44) (45) (46) (47) (48) (49) (50) |
| IL-1β |
n = 20/20 infected n = 14/14 infected |
↑− | (45) (47) |
| TNF-α |
n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 20/20 infected n = 30 severe vs. n = 30 mild/moderate vs. n = 30 convalescent vs. n = 20 healthy n = 8 dead infected vs. n = 6 survivors infected n = 61 infected vs. n = 44 healthy n = 24 infected vs. n = 12 healthy |
− − − ↑ ↑ ↑ |
(44) (45) (46) (47) (50) (51) |
| IL-10 |
n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 88 infected vs. n = 10 healthy |
− − |
(44) (49) |
| IFN-γ |
n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 20/20 infected n = 88 infected vs. n = 10 healthy |
− ↑ ↑ |
(44) (45) (49) |
| IL-2 | n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy | ↑ | (44) |
| IL-12 | n = 20/20 infected | ↑ | (45) |
| IL-8 |
n = 14/14 infected n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy n = 30 severe/n = 30 mild/moderate vs. n = 20 healthy n = 23 infected vs. n = 25 healthy n = 88 infected vs. n = 5 healthy n = 18 infected vs. n = 12 healthy |
− − ↑ ↓ ↑ − ↑ |
(47) (44) (44) (46) (48) (49) (51) |
| IL-16 | n = 61 infected vs. n = 44 healthy | ↑ | (50) |
| IL-13 | n = 61 infection initial stage vs. n = 44 healthy | ↑ | (50) |
| TGF-β |
n = 30 severe/n = 30 mild/moderate vs. n = 20 healthy n = 66 infected vs. n = 5 healthy n = 61 infected vs. n = 44 healthy |
↓ − ↑ |
(46) (49) (50) |
| IL-4 | n = 14 infected vs. n = 12 healthy | − | (44) |
| COVID-19 | |||
| IL-6 |
n = 13 ICU vs. n = 4 healthy n = 286 severe vs. n = 166 moderate n = 5 critical > n = 9 severe > n = 5 mild n = 2/8 ICU n = 15 severe vs. n = 28 mild n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe n = 11 severe vs. n = 10 moderate n = 7 SpO2 <90% vs. n = 36 SpO2≥90% |
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ |
(12) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) (57) (58) |
| IL-1β |
n = 41 infected vs. n = 4 healthy n = 11 severe vs. n = 10 moderate |
↑ ND |
(12) (57) |
| TNF-α |
n = 41 infected vs. n = 4 healthy n = 13 ICU vs. n = 28 non-ICU n = 286 severe vs. n = 166 moderate n = 5 critical vs. n = 9 severe vs. n = 5 mild n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe n = 11 severe vs. n = 10 moderate |
↑ ↑ ↑ − − ↑ |
(12) (12) (52) (53) (56) (57) |
| IL-10 |
n = 41 infected vs. n = 4 healthy n = 13 ICU vs. n = 28 non-ICU n = 286 severe vs. n = 166 moderate n = 5 critical vs. n = 9 severe vs. n = 5 mild n = 5/8 ICU n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe n = 11 severe vs. n = 10 moderate n = 7 SpO2 <90% vs. n = 36 SpO2≥90% |
↑ ↑ ↑ − ↑ − ↑ ↑ |
(12) (12) (52) (53) (54) (56) (57) (58) |
| IFN-γ |
n = 41 infected vs. n = 4 healthy n = 2/8 ICU n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe |
↑ ↑ − |
(12) (54) (56) |
| IL-2 |
n = 13 ICU vs. n = 4 healthy n = 13 ICU vs. n = 28 non-ICU n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe |
↑ ↑ − |
(12) (12) (56) |
| IL-2R |
n = 286 severe vs. n = 166 moderate n = 5 critical > n = 9 severe > n = 5 mild n = 11 severe vs. n = 10 moderate |
↑ ↑ ↑ |
(52) (53) (57) |
| IL-4 | n = 69 severe vs. n = 11 non-severe | − | (56) |
(↑), increase; (↓), decrease; (−), no changes; ND, not detectable.
COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; SARS, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; MERS, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; SpO2, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation; IL, Interleukin; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa; TNFR, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; TGF-β, Transforming Growth Factor beta; IL-2R, Interleukin-2 Receptor.