Table 1.
The post-translational of modifications (PTMs) of MAVS.
| Regulator of | PTMs | Site | Regulatory effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTMs | ||||
| ? | K63-linked ubiquitination | K500 | Promotes the recruitment of IKKε to MAVS, then IKKε detaches TRAF3 from mitochondria and promotes K63-linked deubiquitination of TRAF3 and its subsequent K48-linked ubiquitination degradation | (38) |
| TRIM31 | K63-linked ubiquitination | K10/K311/K461 | Promotes the aggregation and activation of MAVS during viral infection | (39) |
| OGT | Glycosylation | S366 | Promotes the TRIM31-mediated K63-linked ubiquitination of MAVS and RLRs signaling | (40) |
| TRIM21 | K27-linked ubiquitination | K325 | Promotes TBK1 recruitment and thereby MAVS-mediated IFN production | (41) |
| MARCH8 | K27-linked ubiquitination | K7 | Promotes NDP52 to recognize K27-linked ubiquitination signal on MAVS and induces lysosomal autophagy of MAVS | (42) |
| TRIM25 | K48-linked ubiquitination | K7/K10 | Induces proteasomal degradation of MAVS | (43) |
| AIP4/ITCH | K48-linked ubiquitination | K371/K420 | Induces proteasomal degradation of MAVS | (44) |
| PCBP1 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of MAVS by recruiting AIP4 under normal conditions, thus preventing the spontaneous activation of immune response | (45) |
| PCBP2 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of MAVS by recruiting AIP4 at the late stage of viral infection, thus avoiding excessive immune response | (44) |
| TAX1BP1 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of MAVS by recruiting AIP4 under normal and viral infection conditions, thus playing a role similar to PCBP1/2 | (46) |
| Smurf1 and Smurf2 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Induces proteasomal degradation of MAVS | (47, 48) |
| Ndfip1 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of MAVS by recruiting Smurf1 | (47) |
| OTUD1 | K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Promotes the K48-linked ubiquitination degradation of MAVS by recruiting Smurf1 at the early stage of viral infection, inhibiting the RLRs pathway | (49) |
| MARCH5 | K48-linked ubiquitination | K7/K500 | Induces proteasomal degradation of MAVS | (50) |
| RNF5 | K48-linked ubiquitination | K362/K461 | Induces proteasomal degradation of MAVS | (51) |
| OTUD4 | Removal of K48-linked ubiquitination | NA | Stabilizes MAVS and thereby induces IFN production during viral infection | (52) |
| TBK1 and IKKβ | Phosphorylation | S442 | Gives phosphorylated MAVS the ability to recruit IRF3 for its phosphorylation by TBK1 | (53) |
| NLK | Phosphorylation | S121/S212/S258/S329 | Inducing the degradation of MAVS in the later phase of infection, thereby inhibiting further signaling transduction | (54) |
| PPM1A/PP2Cα | Dephosphorylation | NA | Dephosphorylates MAVS, TBK1, and IKKε, thus blocking signaling conduction | (55) |