Table 2.

Types of subcellular targeted drug delivery systems.

S.No.	Target	Drug/Formulation	Mechanism	Disease	Ref.
1.	Plasma membrane	Enfuvirtide C34	Membrane targeted inhibition of HIV fusion complex	AIDS-HIV	(Rajendran et al., 2010)
2.	Nuclear targeting	RGD peptide systems	regression in αvβ3-overexpressing cancer	Human breast cancer and melanoma	(Park et al., 2016; Nurunnabi et al., 2019)
3.	Nuclear targeting	Cell penetrating TAT peptides	enhancing cytoplasmic delivery, transfection efficiency	Liver cancer	(Richard et al., 2003; Song et al., 2010; Nurunnabi et al., 2019)
4.	Nuclear targeting	Viral like particles/liposomes	Targeted gene delivery by viral-mediated vectors	Carcinoma	(Nayerossadat et al., 2012; Leucuta, 2014; Sung and Kim, 2019)
5.	Endosomes (early)	Cholesterol conjugated β-secretase inhibitors	Membrane attachment followed by endocytosis into endosomes	Alzheimer's disease	(Cheng et al., 2007; Cole and Vassar, 2007)
6.	Mitochondria	Paclitaxel liposomes	Better cellular uptake and accumulation in mitochondria and enhanced cytotoxicity	Liver cancer	(Biswas et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017)
7.	Mitochondria	Curcumin DQAsomes	Appreciable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy	Acute lung injury	(Zupančič et al., 2014)
8.	Mitochondria	Doxorubicin Cerasomes	greater drug accumulation in mitochondria and greater antitumor effect	Targeted Tumor therapy	(Wang et al., 2015)
9.	Mitochondria	Coenzyme Q10 Micelles	Enhanced cellular uptake and higher mitochondrial accumulation	oxidative stress and inflammation	(Sharma et al., 2012)
10.	Mitochondria	α-tocopheryl succinate Mesoporous Silica NPs	Intracellular uptake and mitochondrial accumulation	Anticancer therapy	(Qu et al., 2016)
11.	Golgi Bodies and ER	Conjugated Antigenic peptide	Targeted presentation on MHC class I complex by conjugation to STX-B	Ovarian cancer, intestinal cancer and lymphomas	(Morse et al., 2011; Reeves and James, 2017)
12.	Golgi Bodies and ER	Rhodamine-loaded PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) NPs	colocalization with early endosomes, late endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus	Respiratory, gut and renal targeted delivery	(Cartiera et al., 2009)
13.	Cell membrane (receptors)	Transferrin eight arm polyethylene glycol-dihydroartemisinine nanoparticles	Transferrin receptors mediated cellular internalization	Lewis Lung carcinoma	(Liu et al., 2016; Liu et al., 2017)
14.	Cell membrane (receptors)	Adenosine conjugated Solid Lipid Nanoparticles	G-protein coupled receptors mediated cellular internalization	Human cancer	(Swami et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2018)
15.	Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors	GE11 peptide conjugated Exosomes for microRNA	efficient delivery of microRNA (miRNA) to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-expressing breast cancer cells	Breast cancer	(Li et al., 2005; Ohno et al., 2013)