Table 1.
Studies of MgSO4 for preterm and term-equivalent neuroprotection reporting improved histological and/or functional outcomes.
| References | Species | Insult | Regime | Timing | Serum levels | T° | Pathology | Function | Survival | Sex | Random-ization/blinding |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (15) | Fetal rat, e20 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus + 27 mg/kg maintenance, + 270 mg/kg bolus, maternal s.c. | −2 to 2 h | ? | Ambient: 37°C during the study, data not shown | ↓ global expression of Casp-3, NF-KB, nNOS, IL-6 & TNF | None | 4 h post LPS | ? | ✓/? |
| (16) | Fetal rat, e17 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus + 27 mg/kg maintenance + betamethasone s.c. | +30 min to +4 h | ? | ? | ↑ % hippocampal NeuN staining, ↑ mRNA expression of MAP2, MBP in ♂LPS+MgSO4 vs. ♂LPS+vehicle | None | P 60 | ♀,♂ | ✓/? |
| (17) | Fetal rat, e18 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus, maternal s.c. | −2 to 2 h | ? | Ambient: 37°C during the study, data not shown | MRI: ↓diffusivity and T2 intensities vs. control, No effect on tissue IL-1β protein expression. | None | P 25 | ♀ | ✓/? |
| (18) | Fetal rat, e16 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus + 27 mg/kg maintenance, + 270 mg/kg bolus, maternal s.c | −2 to 2 h | ? | Ambient: 37°C during the study, data not shown | ↓ brain phospho-nNOS, NF?B and CCL2 expression vs. LPS+vehicle | None | 4 h post LPS | ? | ✓/? |
| (19) | Fetal rat, e18 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus + 27 mg/kg maintenance, + 270 mg/kg bolus, maternal s.c | −2 to +2 h | ? | Ambient: 37°C during the study, data not shown | None | ↑ learning and memory vs. LPS+vehicle | P 90 | ♂ | ✓/? |
| (20) | Fetal mice, e15 | Maternal LPS | 270 mg/kg bolus + 27 mg/kg maintenance, + 270 mg/kg bolus, maternal s.c | 0 h | ? | ? | ↓brain S100B protein expression vs. LPS+vehicle | None | 4–6 h post LPS | ? | ✓/? |
| (21) | Fetal rat, e19 | Bilateral UAO, 30 min | 600mg/kg, maternal i.p. | −20 min | ? | ? | ↓ global lipid peroxidation and ↑mitochondrial integrity score | None | 60 min post LPS | ? | ✓/✓ |
| (22) | Fetal rat, e19 | Bilateral UAO, 20 min | 600 mg/kg, maternal i.p. | −30 min | ? | ? | ↓global lipid peroxidation vs. vehicle+UAO | None | 30 min post LPS | ? | ?/? |
| (23) | Mouse, P5 | HI, 8% O2, 45 min | 600 mg/kg i.p. | −1 h | ? | Ambient: 36°C during hypoxia, data not shown | ↓ lesion area: 55% in HI+vehicle vs. 6% in MgSO4+HI, p <0.01 | Improved motor function | 5 d | ♀,♂ | ?/? |
| (23) | Mouse, P5 | HI, 8% O2, 45 min | 600 mg/kg i.p. | −1 h | ? | Ambient: 36°C during hypoxia, data not shown | Sub group analysis showed ↓ lesion area in the hippocampus and thalamus in ♂MgSO4+HI vs. ♂vehicle+HI | No improvements in motor or cognitive function | 40 d | ♀,♂ | ?/? |
| (24) | Rat, P6 | HI: 6% O2, 60 min | 100 mg/kg i.p. | −1 h | 1.8 mmol/L | Ambient: 37°C during hypoxia, data not shown | ↑MBP score, ↓microgliosis and apoptosis, no effect on oligodendrocyte survival | None | 3–5 d | ♂ | ?/✓ |
| (25) | Rat, P4 | HI+10% O2 80 min | 1.1 mg/g i.p. | −24 h | 4.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L | Ambient: 36°C during hypoxia and 10 min recovery, data not shown | ↓ %tissue loss in hippocampal and striatal gray and white matter | None | 7 d | ♀♂ | ✓/✓ |
| (25) | Mouse, P5 | HI+10% O2 70 min | 0.92 mg/g i.p. | −24 h | 2.7 ± 0.3 mmol/L | Ambient: 36°C during hypoxia and 10 min recovery, data not shown | ↓ % hippocampal tissue loss vs. vehicle+HI | None | 7 d | ♀♂ | ✓/✓ |
| (26) | Rat, P7 | HI+8% O2 60 min | 1.1 mg/g i.p. | −6 d, −3 d, −1 d, −12 h, | 3.3 mmol/L | Ambient: 36°C during hypoxia and 10 min recovery, data not shown | ↓ global brain injury score and % tissue loss vs. vehicle+HI | None | 7 d | ♀♂ | ✓/✓ |
| (27) | Fetal sheep, 0.85 g.a. | 1 h partial UCO, then neonatal resuscitation | 400 mg/kg, fetal i.v. | 0 h | ? | Core: 37–39°C, data not shown | ↓ cortical and subcortical apoptosis, intracellular ROS and Ca2+ accumulation vs. vehicle + UCO | None | 3 h | ? | ✓/✓ |
CAO, Carotid artery occlusion; EEG, electroencephalography; e, embryonic day; g.a., gestational age; HI, hypoxia-ischemia; HT, hypothermia; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy; P, postnatal day; T°, temperature; Tx, treatment; UAO, uterine artery occlusion; UCO, umbilical cord occlusion.