Fig. 1.

Changes in glutathione-related metabolites during injury conditions.

Levels of metabolites that participate in glutathione (GSH) metabolism in rat brain primary astrocyte (AC) and endothelial cell (EC) were measured by LC-MS after exposure to oxygen deprivation (1% O₂ and 0.2% O₂) combined with or without glucose (Glc) withdrawal for 24h. (A) Heatmap shows the relative activity of the major GSH-related metabolites comparing the two cell types under normoxia (Nx). (B) Heatmap of GSH metabolic alterations during injury was generated by comparison with their Nx control with increased metabolite level in red and decreased metabolite level in blue. (C-E) Ion counts of three GSH metabolism indicators, g-glutamyl-cysteine (C), GSH (D) and GSH disulfide (E), during injury is presented separately. Hypoxia (Hx, 1% O₂ with glucose) and OGD (1% O₂ without glucose). The metabolite intensities were normalized to total ion counts. The -Log2(P value) for each metabolite was calculated using unpaired T-test. *P<0.05; One-way ANOVA compared to Nx. ^#P<0.05, ^##P<0.01, ^###P<0.001; Two-way ANOVA, compared to astrocytes (AC) in the same condition. Mean ± SD. n = 4.