Table 1.
Participant characteristics stratified by gender.
| Variable | Category | Men (n = 1564) | Women (n = 1453) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD | 38 ± 16 | 38 ± 12 |
| Age (categories) | 18.0–29.9 | 761 (48.7%) | 452 (31.1%) |
| 30.0–39.9 | 99 (6.3%) | 186 (12.8%) | |
| 40.0–49.9 | 226 (14.5%) | 591 (40.7%) | |
| 50.0–59.9 | 332 (21.2%) | 201 (13.8%) | |
| 60.0 – | 146 (9.3%) | 23 (1.6%) | |
| Educationa | No formal education | 630 (40.3%) | 1032 (71.0%) |
| Primary (1–4 years) | 253 (16.2%) | 131 (9.0%) | |
| Secondary (5–12 years) | 542 (34.7%) | 238 (16.4%) | |
| Beyond secondary (>12 years) | 138 (8.8%) | 52 (3.6%) | |
| Occupationa | Unemployed | 302 (19.3%) | 421 (29.0%) |
| Unskilled manual | 696 (44.5%) | 863 (59.4%) | |
| Skilled manual | 469 (30.0%) | 145 (10.0%) | |
| Non-manual | 96 (6.1%) | 24 (1.7%) | |
| Standard living index (points)a | Mean ± SD | 29 ± 8 | 28 ± 8 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Body-mass index (kg/m2)a | Underweight (<18.5) | 501 (32.1%) | 394 (27.1%) |
| Normal weight (18.5–22.9) | 715 (45.8%) | 624 (42.9%) | |
| Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 170 (10.9%) | 206 (14.2%) | |
| Obese (25.0 –) | 176 (11.3%) | 229 (15.8%) | |
| Central obesity | Waist circumference ≥ 80 cm for women and ≥ 90 cm for men | 122 (7.8%) | 272 (18.7%) |
| Hypertension | SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg or anti-hypertensive intake | 398 (25.5%) | 254 (17.5%) |
| Taking anti-hypertensive drugs | 64/398 (16.1%) | 51/254 (20.1%) | |
| Glucose intolerance | Impaired fasting glucose | 363 (23.2%) | 324 (22.3%) |
| Diabetes | 96 (6.1%) | 66 (4.5%) | |
| Taking anti-diabetic drugs | 30/96 (31.3%) | 22/66 (33.3%) | |
| Lipid profilea | Total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL | 243 (15.7%) | 245 (17.4%) |
| HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dL for female and < 40 mg/dL for male | 753 (48.5%) | 998 (70.8%) | |
| Non-HDL cholesterol ≥ 130 mg/dL | 553 (35.6%) | 524 (37.2%) | |
| Triglycerides ≥ 150 md/dL | 437 (28.4%) | 270 (19.2%) | |
| Metabolic syndrome | ≥3 criteria | 282 (18.0%) | 297 (20.4%) |
| Health behaviors | |||
| Smoking statusa | Never | 1045 (66.9%) | 1449 (99.7%) |
| Former | 30 (1.9%) | – | |
| Current | 488 (31.2%) | 4 (0.3%) | |
| Package-years | 14.8 ± 15 | – | |
| Environmental tobacco smoke | Yes | 400 (25.6%) | 613 (42.2%) |
| Alcohol usea | Most of the days | 671 (42.9%) | 264 (18.2%) |
| Physical activity (METs)a | Sedentary or light active (<1.70) | 1068 (69.9%) | 805 (56.7%) |
| Active or moderately active (1.70–1.99) | 379 (24.8%) | 513 (36.2%) | |
| Vigorously active (>2) | 81 (5.3%) | 101 (7.1%) | |
| Fuel use | |||
| Main source of cooking fuela | Biomass | 885 (57.2%) | 900 (62.5%) |
| Stove ventilation | Not vented to the outside | 407 (26.0%) | 364 (25.1%) |
| Main source of lighting fuela | Non-electricity | 15 (0.9%) | 21 (1.4%) |
a
Missing values were 1 (<0.1%) for occupation, education, smoking status, alcohol use, and lighting fuel use, 2 (<0.1%) for hypertension and body-mass index, 3 (<0.1%) for abdominal obesity, 28 (0.9%) for standard living index, 31 (1.0%) for main source of cooking fuel, 55 (1.8%) for cholesterol, 70 (2.3%) for physical activity, 72 (2.4%) for triglycerides. Data are mean ± SD or n (%). DBP = diastolic blood pressure, HDL = high density lipoprotein, METs = metabolic equivalents; SBP = systolic blood pressure.