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. 2019 Dec 2;41(6):1416–1434. doi: 10.1002/hbm.24884

Table 2.

Longitudinal demographic and clinical features of all participants

PD all Controls t‐value p‐value PD‐N PD‐CI Controls χ 2 p‐value
Number
t 0 172 85 n.a. n.a. 80 92 85 n.a. n.a.
t 1 (drop‐out) 129 (−25%) 66 (−22%) n.a. n.a. 63 (−21%) 66 (−28%) 66 (−22%) n.a. n.a.
t 2 (drop‐out) 54 (−68%) 37 (−57%) n.a. n.a. 26 (−68%) 28 (−70%) 37 (−57%) n.a. n.a.
t 3 (drop‐out) 34 (−80%) 11 (−87%) n.a. n.a. 16 (−80%) 18 (−80%) 11 (−87%) n.a. n.a.
t 4 (drop‐out) 9 (−95%) 0 (−100%) n.a. n.a. 6 (−93%) 3 (−97%) 0 (−100%) n.a. n.a.
Age/years
t 0 67.5 ± 8.1 [45.0–79.3] 65.1 ± 6.7 [47.0–78.7] 2.54 .012 65.9 ± 8.3 [45.0–78.7] 68.9 ± 7.7 [48.0–79.3] 65.1 ± 6.7 [47.0–78.7] 15.99 .0003
t 1 67.8 ± 8.4 [46.4–80.1] 66.3 ± 6.6 [48.2–77.7] 1.34 .182 66.7 ± 9.0 [46.4–79.6] 68.9 ± 7.6 [49.1–80.1] 66.3 ± 6.6 [48.2–77.7] 5.52 .062
t 2 67.8 ± 8.4 [47.1–81.9] 68.0 ± 6.1 [50.0–78.9] −0.14 .888 66.2 ± 9.9 [47.1–80.5] 69.3 ± 9.4 [50.2–81.9] 68.0 ± 6.1 [50.0–78.9] 2.22 .3291
t 3 68.1 ± 9.0 [48.2–81.4] 67.1 ± 5.0 [60.3–79.7] 0.44 .661 66.6 ± 9.7 [48.2–78.6] 69.4 ± 8.5 [56.8–81.4] 67.1 ± 5.0 [60.3–79.7] 1.12 .5717
t 4 63.7 ± 10.8 [49.0–77.8] – n.a. n.a. 62.3 ± 11.8 [49.0–77.1] 66.6 ± 10.0 [58.3–77.8] –
Sex (m:f)
t 0 120:52 48:37 4.443t .0377t 56:24 64:28 48:37 4.43 .1092
t 1 88:41 34:32 5.2002t .0286t 46:17 42:24 34:32 6.38 .0412
t 2 40:14 21:16 2.9795t .1126t 18:8 22:6 21:16 3.47 .1761
t 3 25:9 6:5 1.3976t .2771t 12:4 13:5 6:5 1.4 .4975
t 4 6:3 ‐ n.a. n.a. 4:2 2:1 ‐ 0 1
Education/years
t 0 13.4 ± 2.9 [7–20] 16.1 ± 4.0 [8–30] −5.56 <.0001 13.8 ± 2.7 [8–20] 13.0 ± 2.9 [7–20] 16.1 ± 4.0 [8–30] 33.14 <.0001
t 1 13.5 ± 2.8 [7–20] 16.3 ± 4.4 [8–30] −4.70 <.0001 13.7 ± 2.8 [8–20] 13.3 ± 2.8 [7–20] 16.3 ± 4.4 [8–30] 21.89 <.0001
t 2 13.2 ± 2.7 [8–20] 16.6 ± 4.1 [8–26] −4.44 <.0001 13.4 ± 2.9 [8–20] 13.0 ± 2.5 [8–17] 16.6 ± 4.1 [8–26] 19.02 <.0001
t 3 13.2 ± 2.7 [8–20] 18.5 ± 4.3 [13–26] −3.86 <.0020 14.0 ± 3.1 [8–20] 12.5 ± 2.2 [9–17] 18.5 ± 4.3 [13–26] 16.11 .0003
t 4 13.2 ± 2.4 [10–18] – n.a. n.a. 14.0 ± 3.1 [8–20] 11.0 ± 1.4 [10–12] – 0.6 .4386
Disease duration/years
t 0 8.9 ± 4.8 [0.1–32.4] n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.1 ± 5.1 [1.9–32.4] 8.8 ± 4.5 [0.1–24.1] n.a. 0.04 .8328
t 1 9.9 ± 4.9 [1.1–33.5] n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.4 ± 5.5 [2.8–33.5] 9.5 ± 4.2 [1.1–25.0] n.a. 0.72 .3954
t 2 10.8 ± 5.5 [2.4–34.5] n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.8 ± 6.9 [2.4–34.5] 10.7 ± 3.7 [4.9–18.2] n.a. 0.57 .451
t 3 11.6 ± 6.3 [3.3–35.4] n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.6 ± 7.6 [3.3–35.4] 12.6 ± 5.1 [5.1–22.9] n.a. 2.7 .1004
t 4 14.8 ± 10.4 [5.9–36.4] n.a. n.a. n.a. 15.7 ± 11.9 [6.1–36.4] 13.2 ± 9.4 [5.9–23.8] n.a. 0.56 .4561
CERAD/total score
t 0 89.6 ± 11.0 [41.5–106.0] – n.a. n.a. 95.8 ± 5.8 [78.5–106.0] 84.1 ± 11.6 [41.5–104.0] – 52.01 <.0001
t 1 92.8 ± 9.5 [41.5–108.0] – n.a. n.a. 97.2 ± 6.3 [81.0–108.0] 88.6 ± 10.2 [41.5–106.0] – 28.08 <.0001
t 2 92.6 ± 10.1 [68.5–109.0] – n.a. n.a. 97.2 ± 7.1 [77.0–105.0] 88.5 ± 10.9 [68.5–109.0] – 9.24 .0024
t 3 92.5 ± 9.4 [74.0–107.0] – n.a. n.a. 96.4 ± 7.6 [78.5–107.0] 89.4 ± 9.8 [74.0–105.0] – 4.37 .0365
t 4 98.6 ± 7.2 [84.0–106.0] – n.a. n.a. 102.2 ± 4.4 [95.0–106.0] 97.0 ± 1.4 [96.0–98.0] – 1.35 .2453
PANDA/score
t 0 23.1 ± 5.5 [5–30] 22.4 ± 5.9 [8–29] 0.55 .584 25.5 ± 3.9 [13–30] 20.5 ± 5.5 [5–29] 22.4 ± 5.9 [8–29] 38.23 <.0001
t 1 23.2 ± 5.6 [10–30] 22.1 ± 5.9 [9–29] 0.92 .359 25.8 ± 3.8 [10–30] 20.4 ± 5.9 [8–30] 22.1 ± 5.9 [9–29] 27.94 <.0001
t 2 22.6 ± 6.2 [10–30] 24.1 ± 3.4 [19–30] −1.01 .318 26.3 ± 4.3 [12–30] 20.4 ± 5.7 [10–29] 24.1 ± 3.4 [19–30] 13.66 .0002
t 3 22.5 ± 5.0 [11–30] 20.1 ± 6.9 [10–29] 0.84 .427 26.4 ± 2.5 [21–30] 24.2 ± 4.6 [15–29] 20.1 ± 6.9 [10–29] 1.34 .2468
t 4 25.8 ± 4.0 [20–29] – n.a. n.a. 26.8 ± 2.9 [23–30] 18.5 ± 0.7 [18–19] – 3.53 .0603
MMSE/score
t 0 28.1 ± 2.2 [13–30] 29.3 ± 1.0 [26–30] −5.94 <.0001 28.9 ± 1.1 [26–30] 27.4 ± 2.6 [13–30] 29.3 ± 1.0 [26–30] 54.19 <.0001
t 1 28.5 ± 1.8 [21–30] 29.3 ± 0.9 [26–30] −4.60 <.0001 29.0 ± 1.2 [25–30] 28.0 ± 2.1 [21–30] 29.3 ± 0.9 [26–30] 23.54 <.0001
t 2 28.6 ± 2.0 [20–30] 29.3 ± 0.9 [26–30] −3.08 .0030 28.6 ± 1.7 [24–30] 28.5 ± 2.3 [20–30] 29.3 ± 0.9 [26–30] 7.94 .0189
t 3 28.6 ± 1.8 [24–30] 29.9 ± 0.3 [29–30] −3.89 .0005 28.8 ± 1.8 [24–30] 28.4 ± 1.8 [25–30] 29.9 ± 0.3 [29–30] 6.36 .0415
t 4 28.4 ± 2.2 [24–30] – n.a. n.a. 29.0 ± 1.4 [27–30] 27.7 ± 3.2 [24–30] ‐ 0.67 .557
Hoehn&Yahr/stage
t 0 2.5 ± 0.8 [1.0–5.0] n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.2 ± 0.7 [1.0–4.0] 2.7 ± 0.8 [1.0–5.0] n.a. 12.82 .0003
t 1 2.3 ± 0.7 [1.0–5.0] n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.3 ± 0.7 [1.0–4.0] 2.3 ± 0.7 [1.0–5.0] n.a. 0.5 .4799
t 2 2.4 ± 0.8 [1.0–4.0] n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.3 ± 0.8 [1.0–4.0] 2.6 ± 0.8 [1.0–4.0] n.a. 1.83 .1765
t 3 2.5 ± 0.7 [1.0–4.0] n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.3 ± 0.6 [1.0–3.0] 2.6 ± 0.7 [1.0–4.0] n.a. 1.85 .1736
t 4 2.3 ± 1.0 [1.0–4.0] n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.0 ± 0.9 [1.0–3.0] 3.0 ± 1.0 [2.0–4.0] n.a. 1.8 .1795
UPDRS III/score
t 0 21.9 ± 12.1 [3–72] n.a. n.a. n.a. 18.0 ± 8.0 [5–45] 25.5 ± 13.9 [3–72] n.a. 12.69 .0004
t 1 21.3 ± 11.2 [2–60] n.a. n.a. n.a. 19.4 ± 10.0 [2–58] 23.2 ± 12.1 [4–60] n.a. 2.62 .1058
t 2 22.2 ± 10.9 [3–52] n.a. n.a. n.a. 20.8 ± 9.2 [3–39] 23.5 ± 12.2 [6–52] n.a. 0.38 .539
t 3 23.6 ± 10.1 [9–49] n.a. n.a. n.a. 22.7 ± 8.7 [10–39] 24.5 ± 11.5 [9–49] n.a. 0.007 .7955
t 4 21.6 ± 11.0 [7–35] n.a. n.a. n.a. 19.3 ± 12.5 [7–35] 26.0 ± 7.2 [18–32] n.a. 0.61 .4367

Note: t 0: baseline, t n nth‐year follow‐up. Values are given as mean ± SD [min–max]. Differences between PD patients (overall cohort) and controls are computed from unpaired t tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables for each time point. Two right most columns refer to Kruskal–Wallis analysis of variances (ANOVA) across cognitively unimpaired PD patients (PD‐N), cognitively impaired PD patient (PD‐CI), and controls for each time point. Note that the mean age for t 4 is lower than for t 3 due to the study drop‐out of older patients.